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Rola służb wywiadowczych w państwie : analiza prawnoporównawcza zadań agencji wywiadu i służby wywiadu wojskowego

Domasiak Natalia

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

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nr 3

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza zadań Agencji Wywiadu i Służby Wywiadu Wojskowego jako służb wywiadowczych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, które pełnią kluczową rolę w państwie, a przede wszystkim w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa. Zasadniczą funkcję jako realizują to funkcja informacyjna w ramach, której zajmują się pozyskiwaniem, gromadzeniem, analizowaniem, a przede wszystkim ochroną informacji istotnych dla bezpieczeństwa państwa. Agencja Wywiadu to cywilna służba wywiadowcza należąca do katalogu służb specjalnych, której zadaniem jest ochrona bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego państwa. Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego jest wojskową służbą wywiadowczą zajmującą się ochroną przed zagrożeniami zewnętrznymi dla obronności państwa, bezpieczeństwa i zdolności bojowej Sił Zbrojnych RP.

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyze the tasks of the Intelligence Agency and the Military Intelligence Service as the intelligence services of the Republic of Poland, which play a key role in the state, and above all in the state security system. The main function as they perform is the information function, within the framework of which they deal with the acquisition, collection, analysis and, above all, protection of information relevant to state security. The Foreign Intelligence Agency is a civilian intelligence service belonging to the catalog of special services, whose task is to protect the external security of the state. The Military Intelligence Service is a military intelligence service concerned with protection against external threats to state defense, security, and combat capability of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland.

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Działania wywiadowcze służb państwowych w czasie pandemii COVID-19

Pawlikowski Andrzej

Wiedza Obronna

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2020

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nr 3

23--44

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i weryfikacja istniejących rozwiązań w zakresie bezpieczeństwa zdrowia w strefach działań służb wywiadowczych oraz wskazanie kierunków doskonalenia ich systemu operacyjnego. Uznając wagę sytuacji problemowej wynikającej z zagrożenia epidemicznego, uzasadnione jest zwrócenie uwagi na te obszary działalności, w których przewiduje się potrzebę modyfikacji i dla których wskazany jest proponowany obszar zainteresowań. Państwowe Służby Wywiadowcze, działające w warunkach zagrożenia COVID-19, stają się celem ataków wielu środowisk eksperckich ale przede wszystkim swych odpowiedników w innych państwach. W artykule określono zakres współpracy pomiędzy podmiotami państwowymi posiadającymi kompetencje w zakresie prowadzenia działalności wywiadowczych i kontrwywiadowczych zarówno na szczeblu wewnętrznym jak i międzynarodowym. Domeną wywiadu jest informacja wydobywana zazwyczaj z trudno dostępnych lub ściśle strzeżonych pokładów. W procesie weryfikacji przybiera ona postać gotowego materiału dostarczającego wiedzę o wybranym fragmencie rzeczywistości dzięki której decydenci korzystają z uzyskanej wiedzy. Dziś klasyczny łańcuch wiedzy rozpada się. Współczesna informacja tworzona jest w coraz większym stopniu przez zmechanizowane systemy przetwarzania danych sterowane za pomocą sztucznej inteligencji. Tempo generowania informacji przez elektroniczne urządzenia telekomunikacyjne oszałamia zwykłych użytkowników oraz przyprawia o ból głowy decydentów. W obliczu zarysowanych powyżej wyzwań, przed którymi stoją współczesne państwa i społeczeństwa, służby wywiadowcze zmuszone są do podjęcia gruntownej przebudowy w sferze organizacyjnej, mentalnej i technicznej zgodnie z kluczowymi interesami państwa. Współczesne globalne zagrożenie epidemiologiczne preferuje dużych, aktywnych graczy i łatwo degraduje pozostałych do roli outsiderów. Natomiast bierność i impas decyzyjny prowadzi do marginalizacji państwa i przekształcenia go w instrument w rękach światowych mocarstw.

EN

The purpose of the article is to present and verify the existing solutions in the field of health security in the areas of operation of intelligence services and to indicate the directions of improving their operating systems. Recognizing the importance of the problem situation resulting from the epidemic threat, it is justified to pay attention to those areas of activity where the need for modification is anticipated and for which the proposed area of interest is indicated. The State Intelligence Services, operating in the conditions of the COVID-19 threat, are becoming the target of attacks by many expert circles, but above all by their counterparts in other countries. The article defines the scope of cooperation between state entities with competences in the field of intelligence activities and counterintelligence services both internally and internationally. The domain of intelligence is information usually extracted from hard to reach or closely guarded layers. In the verification process, it takes the form of a ready made material that provides knowledge about a selected fragment of reality, thanks to which decision makers use the knowledge obtained. Today the classical chain of knowledge is falling apart. Modern information is increasingly created by mechanized data processing systems controlled by artificial intelligence. The pace of information generated by electronic telecommunication devices bewildering ordinary users and making decision-makers a headache. In the face of the above outlined challenges faced by modern states and societies, the intelligence services are forced to undertake a thorough restructuring in the organizational, mental and technical spheres in accordance with the key interests of the state. The contemporary global epidemiological threat prefers large, active players and easily degrades others to the role of outsiders. On the other hand, passivity and deadlock in decisions lead to the marginalization of the state and its transformation into an instrument in the hands of world powers.

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Przygotowanie analityków na potrzeby amerykańskich służb wywiadowczych

Ciborowski L, Kozłowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 3(84)

342-359

EN

The main objective of this article is to discuss issues related to activities of the US Intelligence Community (IC), which at present concentrate on increasing the speed and effectiveness of its structures after 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. The strategic goal is to create the professional and successful corps of intelligence analysts. The author also touches upon the issues of activities related to analysts’ training and education, theoretical efforts, the introduced programmes and education models already implemented as well as the procedures that have been already put into practice within the American IC. An effort has also been made to evaluate the possible outcome emerging from the process of professionalization of intelligence analysts’ corps and its effect on the government and higher education facilities. This refers mainly to education, training and fundamental theoretical works within the US. According to the author, it would be both beneficial and useful for Poland to use American lessons learned and expertise in order to build up nation theoretical framework in this specific area of science. This can also be exploited to create our own education and training curricula as well as to assemble a meticulously selected and a well-prepared group of people involved in this part of intelligence activities. The author proposes to increase the number of students enrolled in postgraduate / doctoral studies in Polish universities, who want to be involved in research and development (R&D) within the national security and crisis management domains. This should be complemented by close and active co-operation with the Western and American universities and R&D facilities.

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Współczesny model polskich służb specjalnych. Służby informacyjne czy policyjne?

Bożek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 1(58)

92-104

EN

In all publications concerning the secret service two basic models of their functioning are discussed. In the first one the secret service perform mainly the information functions and thus is not equipped with any tools of penal reaction to an event. Even in a situation when in their activities they confirm that a crime has been committed, they do not perform penal investigation but transfer the materials to the prosecutor’s office or police. In the second model the secret service functions include acquiring, analysing and transferring information on threats, as well as recognising and detecting crimes and chasing criminals. The information function is traditionally attributed to intelligence services, whereas mixed solutions are applied in case of counterintelligence services. The investigation (police) function, apart from information function appears in the counterintelligence activities. The task of services that perform this function is to chase people suspected of committing crime that is a special kind of breaching the law. Classic examples of information secret service model are British and German intelligence and counterintelligence services, whereas American and Russian counterintelligence present the mixed solutions’ model where secret service perform both information and police functions. Polish law concerning secret service legal status resemble American and Russian solutions rather than British or German. It cannot be forgotten, however, that also Polish experiences played an important role in forming the secret service legal position. The post-war experiences, where the Polish People's Republic’s security bodies were legally able to conduct penal investigations, are more visible on this background. In the Polish secret service model, binding due to law regulations of 2003 and 2004, ABW - Interior Security Agency is another service that apart from the Police, Border Guard and Military Police is equipped with police function. In the area of detecting and recognising crime, it has trial rights included in the Penal Code. Other Polish secret services - AW - Intelligence Agency and WSI - Military Intelligence Agency are information services that combat threat using operational methods. Therefore, one can claim that the secret service reorganisation conducted in 2002 has not brought any significant changes in the secret service functioning. Due to the same reasons, one can say about a certain continuity in the organisational and functional model of secret service in the last 15 years.

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Rola amerykańskich sił militarnych i służb wywiadowczych w Europie

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 3-4(48-49)

78-90

EN

The main aim of the United States currently is to create such an international situation when no force can counteract or threaten the USA priority interests. The US pursues a defence strategy the main elements of which are to guarantee the behaviour and actions of international arena key actors according to long-term interests of the United States. The US wants their allies not only to support its actions in the international environment but also to legitimise its actions both in the area of responsibility and outside it as well. American forces stationed in Europe, as the article shows, are valuable assets that shape the behaviour and expectations in this region and respond to challenges in Europe and outside. American military forces and intelligence services are instruments to assure the United States' world leadership. As long as the US has vital interests in Europe and NATO is the main organisation comprising the states of North America and Europe, the American administration and Congress may be sure that the changes taking part within the North Atlantic Alliance will not affect negatively the US interests, However, the attempts to build common European intelligence and analytical skills independent from the USA as a necessary component of Common European Security and Defence Policy will not be successful until the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy is established - which certainly will not happen soon.