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Rural landscapes of the 20th century: from knowledge to preservation

Landi Stefania

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2019

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Vol. 12, no. 2

47--56

EN

During the 20th Century, rural landscapes underwent rapid transformations as a result - among many factors - of mechanization of agriculture and the introduction of new means of transportation: rural territories, indeed, started being signed by new railway lines and agro-industrial facilities, necessary for the storage and distribution of an increasing amount of agricultural products. This is particularly evident in Europe for the landscapes of grain production, as well as in North and South America. A recent research by the author about the grain silos built in Italy under the Fascist regime set the basis for an in-depth analysis of grain production landscapes in Italy during the first half of the 20th century, also in comparison with the European and American contexts. To this aim, survey and representation of landscape settings become crucial, for the interpretation assessment of significance of these still underestimated cultural landscapes. Therefore, the aim of this contribution is to propose a methodology for the knowledge and preservation of 20th Century grain landscapes - and their built heritage - choosing as case studies the grain silos built in Tuscany during the 1930s.

2

Land reform in Iran and its effects on rural landscapes: enormous lessons for the future

Rastandeh A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2009

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nr 1

11-19

EN

The paper makes an effort to indicate how the land reform in Iran (1962-1971) contributed to the indepth changes in rural landscapes across the country in Pahlavi era (1925-1979). It will show that after the land reform, the factors creating rural landscapes were changed and this, in itself, led to pronounced effects on Iran's rural landscapes in many aspects. To clarify the effects and changes derived from the land reform operations, the researcher, having investigated in more than fifty villages in the variant climates and distinctive geographical areas, analyzed the differences and pursued their main roots to conclude that there is a divergence between Iran's rural landscapes before and after the land reform. The paper emphasizes the fact that there are common grounds on the rural landscape change issues which can be useful, adaptable, and applicable in many ways for the related authorities in Iran and other similar developing countries. In addition, the paper aims to provide policy guidance to governments and planners in the field of rural landscape changes in developing countries for the future.

3

Rozwój przestrzenny wsi o tradycjach miejskich

Borcz Zuzanna

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 10

171--177

PL

Szereg wsi dolnośląskich wywodzi się z osiedli miejskich, które na przestrzeni lat przeżywały swoje okresy rozwoju, stagnacji, niekiedy ponownego rozkwitu, a wreszcie utraty praw miejskich. Każda z tych miejscowości ma swoją historię i specyfikę, co zadecydowało o ich upadku lub rozwoju. Obecnie ich losy zależne są od wielu okoliczności, między innymi od położenia względem większych ośrodków miejskich, niektóre pełnią rolę miejscowości satelitarnych, inne dążą do odzyskania praw miejskich. W zasadzie charakteryzują się układem urbanistycznym, który przetrwał w postaci niewielkiego rynku, uliczek rozchodzących się prostopadle, z zabudową w miarę zwartą i niską. Obecnie miejscowości te często są siedzibą władz gminy, szkoły ponadpodstawowej, kilku sklepów i zakładów usługowych.

EN

Many villages of the Lower Silesia have their origin in urban settlements which in the course of times had lost their civic rights. They have their own history and specificity which had decided of their development or decline. Today their position depends on many circumstances, for example on the distance from larger urban settlements; some of them are suburban settlements, other ones however try to return to their former civic rights. Mostly they have an urban system which remained in the form of a market square, the streets coming out perpendicularly from it, and of a single storeyed, compact building. Nowadays these settlements often are a seat of communal authorities, schools, shops and services. In the present work the localities which in the past had lost their civic rights have been investigated in the aspect of their today position in the settlement system. The following types of localities are discussed: • localities with recovered civic rights; • villages which are a seat of communal authorities trying to recover their civic rights; • villages remaining on the constant, rather low level of the local settlement system. The number of inhabitants of a given locality, altering in the course of years is an important, albeit not the only criterion determining its development. The increase of the inhabitants number enables arising of new places of work, the number of erected housing estates and even a number of whole settlements. The presented examples show development trends of considered localities, taking into account terrains for single family housing as well as services and central trade buildings. Old, characteristic urban systems should be preserved; a market square with its low frontages would be a contrast to a monotonous new single family building.

4

Obszary wiejskie w przestrzeni stołecznej

Giecewicz J.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 3-4

49--53

EN

Growing physical and mental separation of urban and rural worlds, creates a need for restoring the ancient positive relationship between the two. Consecutive models of urban development, particularly in the XIX century, present a need for a new paradigm in the field of urbanized land use planning. Recently, the policies of the local authorities in the Austrian capital city - Vienna, demonstrated a new way of including urban rural areas and agriculture production into the system of protected green spaces within the urban perimeter. Positive results from the Viennese experiment can be a reference for the city of Warsaw, having still multiple remnants of its rural past and culture. Seen as an asset, the rural traditions in Warsaw, could be a source of inspiration for its new identity, as an "agropolis", unique in Europe in this respect. Such modern understating of city farming would be an improvement on the city environment, enrichment of urban landscape and biodiversity, as well as cultural diversity, an opening of new recreation possibilities for city dwellers. As a consequence, rural settlements will be better understood and rehabilitated.