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1

Intervention on the rehabilitation of rural houses in Portugal as a contribution to sustainable construction

Lanzinha J., de Castro Gomes J.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2010

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Vol. 3, no. 1

5-18

EN

Some relevant data about Portuguese housing stock are presented in this paper, according to Census 2001 and the 4th General Housing Census, particularly in the Centre Region, Beira Interior and Cova da Beira. These data show that the percentage of single family housing, in Portugal, is very high. On the other hand, the index of building ageing indicates that the situation is worrying if there is no investment in maintenance and rehabilitation. It is also presents characterisation and evaluation work as well as proposals of immediate intervention on a set of houses placed in rural areas of a council located in the centre countryside region of Portugal, in Cova da Beira. The houses external and structural conditions, as well as other aspects related to occupation and use have been evaluated. The necessities of immediate intervention were noticed and a graduated list of conservation conditions of the buildings has been established. Finally, obtained results are discussed and proposals of intervention and rehabilitation of rural houses are presented, as well as some ideas of investigation, so that the interventions may have as an objective the promotion of Sustainable Construction.

PL

Dane dotyczące portugalskiego budownictwa domów są zaprezentowane w tym artykule według Spisu w roku 2001 i 4-tego Ogólnego Spisu Domów, uwzględniającego centralny Region, Beira i Cova da Beira. Te dane pokazują, że procent jednorodzinnych domów w Portugalii jest bardzo wysoki. Z drugiej strony, indeksy budynków wskazują na starzenie się ich, sytuacja jest niepokojąca jeśli nie ma żadnego planu inwestowania w utrzymanie ich i rewitalizację. Przedstawiono charakterystykę, ocenę pracy i propozycje natychmiastowej interwencji na przykładzie domów zlokalizowanych w wiejskich obszarach, umieszczonych w centralnej części Portugalii, w okolicy Cova da Beira. Ocenie zostały poddane zewnętrzne i konstrukcyjne warunki oraz inne aspekty związane z zastosowaniem. Natychmiastowa interwencja stała się koniecznością, została uwzględniona i to stało się założeniem do utworzenia listy warunków niezbędnych dla przeprowadzenia konserwacji budynków. Ostatecznie otrzymane rezultaty: propozycje interwencji i rewitalizacji wiejskich domów, są dyskutowane. Tym samym założenia i wyniki badań nad interwencją mogą stanowić cel promowania Zrównoważonej Konstrukcji.

2

Transformacja "mieszkaniówki" w krajobrazie wiejskim

Kowicki M.

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2009

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nr 7

98--99

3

Charakterystyka przestrzeni wsi podlaskiej na wybranych przykładach

Szewczyk J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Architektura

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2007

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Z. 20

93-117

PL

Artykuł podsumowuje wyniki prac inwentaryzacyjnych, przeprowadzonych w 1996 roku w 12 wsiach w gminach Narew i Hajnówka (wykorzystano materiał zebrany w 10 wsiach, 2 wsie pominięto). Przeanalizowano m.in. strukturę i zagospodarowanie działek siedliskowych oraz stan techniczny obiektów. Wyniki zostały poddane analizie w celu uzyskania spójnego obrazu przestrzeni badanych wsi. Wyciągnięto wnioski dotyczące procesów zachodzących na badanych obszarach.

EN

In 1996, during summer workshop, three-semester students collected information about 12 villages in Podlaskie province. Ten of them were taken under consideration. The results of the workshop are investigated in the article. The spatial structure of villages, sizes of farmstead lots and site development, characteristics of farmstead buildings and some additional data were analysed, in order to get clear vision of spatial problems. Remarkable changes and transformation proc-esses were described.

4

Tożsamość architektoniczna wiejskiej zabudowy mieszkaniowej w regionie sudeckim

Trocka-Leszczyńska E.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2001

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T. 46, z. 3

299-308

EN

Bonds with the place of residence, identity with local culture and manners of erecting buildings, rendered indelible by local traditionalism, are regarded as one the most important factors. Once they become disturbed, e.g. by an exchange of the population of a certain region, then that what was familiar and recognised as one's own and native, changes into unknown, alien and even outright despised by the new users. Such a total severance of cultural continuity as regards customs and civil engineering emerged in the Western Territories, where after the second world war settlers from assorted parts of Poland replaced the deported population. One is tempted to ask whether it is possible to continue the tradition of local architecture, unknown to arrivals in newly settled regions, or whether solutions befitting the material culture of the settlers should come into being? What is the part played by time and the exchange of generations? The search for answers to those enquiries demands a closer look at the continuation of regional architecture in areas with more stable determinants of the development of material culture as well as those which witnessed its disruption. We cannot ignore the exemplary phenomenon of architecture in the region of Podhale, and may ponder whether a continuation of the motifs of regional architecture is possible without the population which had created that architecture. In the case of the Podhale region, traditional motifs were adopted by the intelligentsia, pointing out to their authors values embedded in local constructions as well as the necessity and trends of its further progress. Is it possible to rely on the inspiring role of architects and local civil engineering services in the continuation of the regional architecture of the Sudety Mts.? Will the population living here since 1945 adopt and start perpetuating the local traditions? Yet another issue is worthy of reflection: in what way has the reception of the values of the material culture of the Sudety region changed among the second generation living here? In accordance with research into ethnographic regionalisation, the whole of Silesia, including Lower Silesia, remained a transitory area which witnessed a confrontation of the influence of the material culture of the West - spandrel beam constructions, saddle roofs, single-storey rural buildings - and the impact of the material culture of the East associated with gable constructions, hip roofs and elongated ground-floor cottages. In the Sudety Mts. divergent impacts combine the features of German, Czech and Lusatian architecture as well as its counterparts from Greater Poland, Little Poland or the Opole region, blended into a specific type of rural houses, usually described as regional architecture (fig. 1, 2). Considerable parts of the southern counties of the region were not destroyed during the second world war, and the population arriving here from the eastern parts of Poland encountered buildings adapted to a different system of agriculture, with unfamiliar planning, construction and architecture. The absence of ties with local culture, and thus with the manner of building and living in those objects, became the reason for a total misunderstanding of the solutions found in the Sudety Mts. (...)

5

Kolor i faktura w budownictwie wsi regionu Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej

Wróblewski S.

Architectus

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2000

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Nr 1(7)

137--141

PL

Malowniczość siedzib wielu regionów wiąże się z umiejętnym wykorzystaniem występującego w tych miejscach kamienia, nie tylko jako materiału konstrukcyjnego, ale i wykończeniowego. Bardzo charakterystycznym rejonem pod tym względem w Polsce jest Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska. W okolicach Częstochowy widać wyraźne, specyficzne powiązania architektury i budownictwa z materia-łem petrograficznym, zastosowanym jako materiał ozdobny, wykończeniowy, oprócz ściśle utylitarnego zastosowania budowlanego. Masowe występowanie wapienia jurajskiego w naturalnym krajobrazie z jednej strony, a w budownictwie i architekturze z drugiej, nadaje regionowi specyficzny charakter i wyróżnia go w skali kraju. Jednak prawie do końca XIX stulecia dominującym materiałem budowlanym w budownictwie wiejskim, nie tylko w tym regionie, ale i w skali całego kraju, było drewno. Ono też zadecydowało o charakterze i konstrukcji zabudowy ludowej w regionie. W dużo mniejszym stopniu, ze względu na jego gorsze właściwości izolacyjne, stosowano kamień wapienny; początkowo używano go głównie w fundamentach domów i budownictwie inwentarskim. Później, stosując nowe metody budowania ścian warstwowych, wprowadzano wapień do konstrukcji ścian szczytowych, a następnie do wszystkich ścian budynków mieszkalnych.

EN

In the surroundings of Częstochowa specific relations between architecture and pétrographie materials are clearly seen. These materials are used not only as strictly constructional but also as decorative elements. In this region, limestone is a basic construction and decorative element and it gives a special picturesque aspect to the local natural landscape. Although limestone was widely accessible, nearly till the end of the 19th century, the main material which was used in the countryside dwellings was wood. Today, only a few wooden objects are preserved on the territory of the former Częstochowa voivodship. Not many of them are on the coservatory list of historical monuments. Most of the preserved objects are dated from the end of the 19th century, although there are some buildings from the 18th century (among them the manor granary in Borowno). The picturesque view of these buildings results from their construction materials: wood and straw. Thatched roof dominated over the mass of the building - some manor buildings were covered with shingle roofs. In the second part of the 19th century, walls of the wooden houses v^re whitewashed with lime inside and outside. Sometimes, to tne white colour of the walls blue belts were added, in some villages an intensive ultamarine used instead of white was a kind of "matrimonial announcement" ultramarine was used on the walls of houses where maidens lived. Limestone has been used in the buildings of the region since the 12th century, but its large expansion could be noticed at the end of the 19th century. Because of its texture and qualities (fragility, absorbability) limestone was never used as construction material for sculptures and architectonic details. Moulds, lintels, finials in representative buidings were made of sandstone and granite, in others, of brick. The advantages of limestone were its accessibility and inex-pensiveness. The homogeneity of white lime stone walls was complemented with the dark-red of bricks used in door and window lintels, corners and moulds. The facture treatment of limestone walls was supplemented with ammonites and fossils. The fossils were a natural decorative element - characteristic of the Jura region. Other decorative elements were: the erection dates of the buildings, forms of the cross and niches which contained figures of saints. These forms of architecture dominated in the landscape of the Jura until the middle of the 19th century. Since the fifties however, systematic devastation of the land-scape began - many limestone buildings were destroyed or completely rebuilt.