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Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

Kamari Salim, El Ouarghi Hossain, Ghalit Mohammad, Makan Abdelhadi, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

EN

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

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Evaluation of the operational effectiveness and feasibility of small-scale water supply systems in the hinterlands in Ethiopia : case of Afar Regional State

Shumie Melese C.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

220--228

EN

Access to clean and sufficient drinking water is difficult in much of Ethiopia’s Afar Region. It is observed that many schemes in the region are non-functional. The study was conducted to overcome the observed problem in seven selected districts of the region. The study regarded hand-dug wells and roof water collection systems, which are the two most common features in the research areas. Eight hand-dug wells and sixteen roof water harvestings are purposively included in the study. All the water points are constructed by Kelem Ethiopia which is a non-governmental organisation and the foremost local organisation for the communities. As per the research survey, the average functional status of the hand-dug well schemes is 65.75% and the roof water harvesting schemes is 22.94%. The research was based on the qualitative data collected on site. The hand-dug well sites were evaluated using 10 parameters, and the roof water harvesting schemes were analysed using 12 parameters. The main non-functional aspects of the scheme are lack of community ownership, drying up of water sources, lack of maintenance and rehabilitation, poor coordination of beneficiaries and school roofs blowing off. Most schemes still require minor to major maintenance and rehabilitation. According to the research, the solutions for water supply are identified in relation to the desired objective.

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Private for-profit rural water supply in Nigeria: Policy constraints and options for improved performance

Obeta Michael Chukwuma

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 41

101--110

EN

Water scarcity is a major and growing problem in Nigerian rural areas, leading to the emergence of private for-profit water services providers (PPWSPs). This paper characterizes the landscape of PPWSPs in Nigerian rural communities using information collected from field observations, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and from published water resources literature. The data collected were analysed through the use of descriptive statistical tools. The results revealed the characteristics, categories, contributions and concerns of water users regarding water supplies by PPWSPs. Responses show that PPWSPs are helping to engender development, guarantee end-users with access to sufficient and reliable supplies and reduce water shortages in the study communities. Sixty four percent of sampled households depend on PPWSPs for their water requirements. Many PPWSPs operate outside the purview of government regulations and have differentiated service modes and prizes to gain wider acceptability. Despite the progress made by PPWSPs, however, the strategy can neither guarantee universal access nor the supply of safe drinking water. Significant barriers to the operations of PPWSPs, how to close the policy-gaps that constrain services delivery by PPWSPs and improve performances through setting of standards and regulatory reforms are discussed.

PL

Niedostatek wody jest głównym i narastającym problemem na wiejskich obszarach Nigerii, przyczyniając się do powstawania prywatnych, komercyjnych dostawców wody (PPWSPs). W niniejszej pracy scharakteryzowano usytuowanie prywatnych dostawców w wiejskich społecznościach Nigerii na podstawie informacji zdobytych w obserwacjach terenowych, wywiadach, ankietach i pochodzących z literatury tematu. Zgromadzone dane analizowano za pomocą opisowych narzędzi statystycznych. Wyniki ujawniły charakterystyki, kategorie, udział i obawy odbiorców wody co do dostaw realizowanych przez dostawców. Odpowiedzi świadczą, że firmy te wspierają rozwój, gwarantują odbiorcom wystarczający i niezawodny dostęp do zasobów wody i zmniejszają ograniczenia w tym dostępie wśród badanych społeczności. Zapotrzebowanie na wodę jest zaspokajane przez PPWSPs w 64% analizowanych gospodarstw domowych. Wiele takich firm działa poza zakresem rządowych regulacji i realizuje zróżnicowane sposoby dostarczania usług i ustalania cen, aby osiągnąć szerszą akceptację. Mimo postępu dokonanego przez PPWSPs, taka strategia nie gwarantuje powszechnego dostępu do wody ani dostaw bezpiecznej wody pitnej. W pracy przedyskutowano znaczące ograniczenia w działaniach dostawców wody, sposoby wypełnienia luk prawnych, które ograniczają usługi świadczone przez te firmy, oraz sposoby ulepszenia ich funkcjonowania poprzez ustanowienie standardów i regulacji prawnych.

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Local Low Carbon Economy Plans in the Context of Low Carbon Rural Development

Wiśniewski P., Kistowski M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

112--119

EN

Based on the analysis of twenty plans for a low carbon economy, adopted for implementation by the rural municipalities of typical agricultural character, representing various Polish regions, the evaluation of the role and effectiveness of these documents in the planning and coordination of activities in favor of a low carbon rural development was carried out. Evaluated among others are the scope and extent of regard for agriculture and rural areas in the diagnostic and programming parts of plans, sources of financing and monitoring indicators of individual actions. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these documents were pointed out and recommendations for drawing them up were formulated. The proposals can be a model solution for the recognition of agriculture and rural areas in a low carbon economy plans prepared by local government units.