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Koncepcja organizacji pracy w instytucji naukowej - ankiety i opracowania z okresu okupacji (1941-1942) w Państwowym Muzeum Zoologicznym w Warszawie

Iwan Dariusz, Daszkiewicz Piotr

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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T. 66, nr 3

51--59

EN

During the Second World War, the State Zoological Museum in Warsaw (PMZ) suffered severe losses. Many workers were killed, and parts of the zoological and book collections were stolen by the Germans as early as 1939. The Museum became an important centre of the resistance movement, as it became a storage for weapons, explosives, and chemicals used for sabotage. Despite the repressions, the Museum employees tried to continue their work under the occupation and developed a modern model for the functioning of this institution to be implemented after the war. In the archives of the Museum and Institute of Zoology, a folder was found containing the documentation of the surveys conducted in 1941-1942 on the organisation of work and the future structure of the PMZ. This article presents the first analysis of these documents, which turned out to be a valuable source of information on the functioning of scientific institutions during the occupation, as well as on the history of the PMZ itself.

2

Zarys teorii działań nieregularnych i ewolucja pojęcia tych działań w polskiej myśli wojskowej na przełomie wieków : analiza krytyczna

Usydus M.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2018

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Nr 2

105--118

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu autor omawia pojęcie działań nieregularnych i przedstawia jego ewolucję w polskiej myśli wojskowej w ostatnich kilku dziesięcioleciach. Zwraca uwagę na polityczne i militarne wydarzenia, które miały wpływ na dopuszczenie takiej formy aktywności w polskich siłach zbrojnych (w wojskach lądowych) w latach sześćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku - w okresie zimnej wojny. Ówczesne obawy przed użyciem broni jądrowej przesądziły o potrzebie dostosowania taktyki i pojazdów bojowych do tego rodzaju wojny. Rezultatem prac koncepcyjnych nad nową polską doktryną wojenną była między innymi instrukcja Działania nieregularne, wprowadzona do użytku w 1969 roku. Zaproponowano w niej odpowiadający taktyce partyzanckiej sposób postępowania, który miał dawać żołnierzom możliwość samodzielnego przetrwania w przypadku odosobnienia. W późniejszych latach w polskich siłach zbrojnych odstąpiono od pierwotnych założeń i zaczęto rozwijać teorię działań nieregularnych na użytek wojsk operacyjnych. Ponieważ ów pogląd pozostaje w sprzeczności z definicją tych działań przyjętą w NATO, autor proponuje korektę narodowej definicji. Druga część opracowania odnosi się do teoretycznych aspektów działań nieregularnych, faz rozwojowych zbrojnych ruchów oporu oraz metod ich wsparcia bojowego i aprowizacji.

EN

In the first part of an article the author describes evolution of the irregular warfare concept and its definitions in Polish military doctrine over the last several decades. He draws attention to the political and military events which had an impact on the implementation of this form of activities in Polish Armed Forces (in the Army), in the sixties of the last century - in the Cold War period. At that time, fears related to the use of nuclear weapons decided about the need to adapt tactics and to improve armoured vehicles ability to conditions of such a war. It is suggested, that the field manual titled “Irregular Warfare”, put into use in 1969, was the result of work on new polish military doctrine. There were proposed a form of military activities based on guerrilla tactic, had given a chance to survive soldiers who lost contact with the main operational forces. In later years, the theory of irregular warfare (submitted in the field manual as a way of survival) was developed for wider use by the operational forces. Because such a view is inconsistent with the definition of irregular warfare accepted by all NATO members, the author proposes the necessary correction and a new formula for the national definition. The second part of the article refers to the theoretical assumptions of irregular warfare: their general theory, developmental stages of armed resistance movements as well as methods of combat and “logistic” support.

3

Kolejarski ruch oporu : sylwestrowe dywersje (1942/43)

Mierzejewski E.

Wiedza Obronna

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2002

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nr 4

140--143

4

Formalnoprawne podstawy oporu przeciwko agresorowi

Gąska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 2(39)

177-187

EN

The author presented formal legal bases of resistance against an aggressor. The article refers to historical legal bases of armed resistance during the Second World War. The author focused his main effort to present the idea of armed resistance in the light of binding law, particularly the Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Additional Protocol I of 1977. There is no doubt that the right to defence and self-defence is one of the essential principles of modem international relations. These principles result explicitly from international law. There are legal frameworks, however, that touch on the society’s armed organisation in the time of aggression or occupation. The author tries to present these standards in this article. The article refers to the idea of necessary defence as a basic principle, due to some lawyers, to legalise armed resistance during the Second World War. The author presented the idea of necessary defence on the background of Polish legal and historical publications. The author himself, however, does not approve of necessary defence as a principle to legalise armed resistance. According to the author the concept of necessary defence in current war law does not stand justification, for instance because armed resistance has all the legal bases to continue fighting in invasion and occupation conditions. This law is not questionable now. The basis for armed resistance to exist and function is to comply with war law provisions included in mentioned above conventions.

5

Z kart polskiego ruchu oporu

Mierzejewski E.

Wiedza Obronna

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2000

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nr 2

144--150