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Effects of intergraded farming on herbal and bird species diversity in Czech agricultural landscapes

Štefanova M., Šálek M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2014

Vol. 62, nr 1

147--162

Negative impacts from application of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture have been observed since the mid-20th century, when their use rapidly increased. This led to decrease in the number of species connected to the agricultural landscape. So-called integrated farming practices are currently being introduced that aim to mitigate negative impacts on the environment and to stabilize the numbers of wild flora and fauna. A number of studies have examined the positive influence of integrate and organic farming as modern agricultural practices in a European perspective. The positive impact of these practices is particularly evident in plants and invertebrates studied in Italy, Austria, Germany and the UK, for example. There is little such data from Central and Eastern Europe, however, even as the region has specific environmental conditions due especially to the more moderate impact of agriculture there during the second half of the 20th century. In this study, we compared the numbers of herbal and bird species on crop fields and meadows managed with conventional versus integrated systems in Southern and Central Bohemia, the Czech Republic. Our analysis included also the effects of land parcel size, position within these parcels and presence of other habitat elements (ditch, tree, field roads, dunghill, field margins – boundaries, bushes, fallow area) in the vicinity of study plots. We found that herbal communities were significantly more species-rich on lands with integrated farming and similar results were obtained in the case of birds, except there was a non-significant effect of integrated farming on bird species richness in meadows. In addition, the species richness of plants decreased as land parcel size increased. In conclusion, herbal and bird communities were shown to benefit more distinctively from integrated farming in Central Europe, where this effect is not considered unambiguous due to the higher overall habitat heterogeneity and historically lower burdening of farmland with pesticides and fertilizers. The results support the idea that it makes sense even here to introduce integrated forms of agricultural practice.

Ochrona upraw w rolnictwie zrównoważonym

Pruszyński S.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

2006

R. 14, nr 2

71-80

Jednym z podstawowych założeń rolnictwa zrównoważonego jest ochrona środowiska naturalnego oraz zapewnienie bioróżnorodności w agrocenozach. Zagrożeniem może tu być ochrona upraw przed chorobami, szkodnikami i chwastami, a szczególnie metoda chemiczna z wykorzystaniem wielu substancji aktywnych syntetyzowanych przez przemysł chemiczny. Chemiczna ochrona roślin jako pierwsza poddana została już przed ponad 40 laty bardzo ostrej krytyce ze względu na zagrożenie dla człowieka, środowiska i zwierząt gospodarskich. Wynikiem tej krytyki było opracowanie przez naukę koncepcji integrowanej ochrony, rozwiniętej następnie do zasad integrowanej produkcji, zmiana asortymentu stosowanych substancji aktywnych, a także bardzo znaczny postęp w technice wykonywania zabiegów ochrony roślin. Opracowano zasady Dobrej Praktyki Ochrony Roślin, przestrzeganie których jest gwarancją eliminowania lub ograniczenia do minimum niekorzystnych skutków stosowania chemicznych środków ochrony roślin.

Fundamental assumptions of sustainable agriculture include environmental protection and preservation of agrocenosis biodiversity as well. However realization of these objectives is disturbed, in high degree, by plant protection measures. Pest, disease or weed control requires application of active substances, from which the chemical ones are the most environmentally harmful. Due to the harmful environmental, human and animal impact, chemical plant protection was submitted to severe criticism over 40 years ago. That resulted in elaboration of new conception for integrated plant protection and then development of rules for integrated production system, modification of active substances assortment as well as development of advanced plant protection technology. There has been also issued the Plant Protection Good Practice Code. Compliance with the Code rules enables elimination or reduction of unfavorable effects of chemical plant protection measures.