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EN
Polluted mine waters contain chemical substances, heavy metal ions, solid suspensions, a very low pH, and are discharged into the hydrographic network, often above cross-border levels. Regardless of the aggregation state, the residues of the mining industry affect all components of the environment: soil, water and air. The emphasis in the past on achieving high production levels and neglecting environmental impacts has in the meantime led to the accumulation of serious environmental damage. As a result of the cross-border effect of pollution, environmental problems have overtaken local character, being pursued by local, regional and global stakeholders. The paper aims to find solutions to the use of aquatic vegetation for the treatment of mine acid waters.
PL
Zanieczyszczone wody kopalniane zawierają substancje chemiczne, jony metali ciężkich, zawiesiny stałe, bardzo niskie pH i są odprowadzane do sieci hydrograficznej, często powyżej poziomów transgranicznych. Niezależnie od stanu skupienia pozostałości przemysłu wydobywczego wpływają na wszystkie elementy środowiska: glebę, wodę i powietrze. Nacisk na osiągnięcie wysokich poziomów produkcji i zaniedbanie wpływu na środowisko doprowadził do poważnych szkód w środowisku. W wyniku oddziaływania transgranicznego problemy zanieczyszczenia środowiska przyjęły charakter lokalny, problem zanieczyszczenia jest rozwiązywane przez lokalne, regionalne i globalne zainteresowane strony. Artykuł pokazuje możliwości znalezienia rozwiązań w zakresie wykorzystania roślinności wodnej do oczyszczania kwaśnych wód kopalnianych.
EN
At present Lychnothamnus barbatus (Meyen) Leonhardi belongs to the rarest species of charophytes in the world. In Europe it is classified as threatened with extinction. The problem of extinction of this species is intriguing, in particular in the context of its widespread occurrence in Europe and Asia till the last decade of the 20th century. Records of L. barbatus from Wielkopolska region (Western Poland) are know from 15 lakes. The most of them was stated in 19th and on beginning of 20th centuries. Now, this species is growing in 6 lakes, from among 2 sites are new. This study was undertaken to a) determine the abundance of L. barbatus and the co-occurring plant species at different sites in lakes, b) determine the most important ecological parameters controlling the structure communities with L. barbatus co-occurring and quantitative responses of this species. In 7 lakes (area 5.5-197 ha, depth max. 7.8-38 m, trophic state: meso-eutrophic) in western Poland the species composition and coverage of vegetation were studied at the 23 plots with L. barbatus occurrence in relation to the measured variables. Seventeen environmental parameters were measured including: depth of water, pH, conductivity, SO[4^2-], NH[4^+], NO[^3-], PO[4^3-], Na[^+], K[^+], Ca[^2+], Mg[^2+], chlorophyll a, Secchi disc visibility, colour, O[2] dissolved, saturation, total Fe during the period July-September. The DCA and CCA analyses were used to assess the relation between vegetation parameters and environmental variables. L. barbatus preferred the water rich in Ca[^+], Mg[^2+] and SO[4^2-] and with high concentrations of nutrients, especially NH[4^+] and PO[4^3-], and moderate values of electrolytic conductivity. In the studied lakes, L. barbatus occupied the separate niche. This species formed the communities in very shallow marginal zones of lakes (0.4-1.5 m) with other macrophytes like: Chara vulgaris, C. tomentosa, Potamogeton nitens, and monospecific stands on margins of steep lake slopes (4-6 m) with Chara globularis fo. hedwigii and Nitella mucronata. The process of extinction of this species seems to be related with increasing turbidity related in turn to algal blooming in lakes and with the spatial competition of vascular macrophytes, especially Ceratophyllum demersum.
EN
The aim of this paper is to assess usefulness of different measures when determining central tendencies which characterise the environmental requirements of living organisms. Mathematical analyses were made of the environmental parameters of river macrophyte communities which were taken as a representative pattern of different levels of biological structures. To deliver a representative dataset, botanical surveys were carried out on a range of British rivers together with environmental assessment and the plant communities groups were identified based on characteristic species according to eslished phytosociological criteria. The mean values and standard univariate medians of the revealed associations were compared with means calculated on the basis of advanced transformation and also with the rarely calculated multivariate L median. Due to high variance and asymmetrical distribution, the analyses based on the mean-value appeared to be limited in application. To avoid this disadvantage transformation to obtain normality of the dataset standardisation was proposed although even this did not fully reach a satisfactory symmetry. It was concluded that each environmental variable for each single biota must be individually treated by a suile transformation to obtain approximately normal distributions. The univariate median was very resistant to the effects of outliers but gave a flattened output of the environmental dataset making the partitioning of biological units very difficult. The multivariate L median appeared to be unaffected by outliers. It enabled to obtain considerable ordering of communities against individual environmental parameters without data transformation.
4
Content available remote Rozkłady prędkości przepływu wody w korytach z roślinnością wodną
PL
W pracy opisano metodykę oraz wyniki pomiarów rozkładów prędkości przepływu wody w korycie ze sztucznymi roślinami moczarki kanadyjskiej. Pomiary wykonano przy zmiennych głębokościach przepływu w korycie, spadku dna oraz zagęszczeniu roślin. Uzyskane z pomiarów rozkłady prędkości na głębokości koryta analizowano w zależności od wymienionych parametrów. Dokonano analizy wpływu zmian tych parametrów na przepustowość koryta.
EN
A laboratory fl ume experiment was carried out with use of the selected species of aquatic plants, namely elodea canadensis. The measurements were carried out taking into account the changing depths, slope and vegetation density and their infl uence on the velocity distributions and the channel flow capacity was analyzed.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono założenia modelu wymiany metali w układzie osad denny - woda - roślinność wodna. Rozważania rozwiązań modelu przeprowadzono dla różnych warunków szybkości wymiany i danej charakterystyki zbiornika.
EN
In this paper mainly purpose of model of exchange methods in system: bottom - water - plants. The things of solution this model for different condition of speed exchange and given hydrobiological characters of reservoir.
EN
The article presents impact of weir on diversifi cation of quality and quantity of water resources and phytocoenosis. The study area was at Konstancin-Jeziorna weir on Jeziorka River. Jeziorka River is the Landscape Protected Area. In that case the weirs can not contribute to unfavourable environmental change and to deteriorate water quality. Water quality and hydrometric measurements was investigated in three cross-sections: tailwater, headwater and end of backwater. Depth, average velocity and flows was measured. Physico-chemical analysis include: temperature, pH, conductivity, colour, turbidity, BOD5, CODMn, dissolved oxygen, N-NO3, N-NH4, P, Fe, Na i K. The phytocoenosis was investigate in cross-section at 20-100 m intervals. The result of the research was that the weir has influence on diversification of flows in Jeziorka River. The weir cause decrease of velocity and increase of depth in headwater. Diversification of flows cause changes in some water quality indexes (colour, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD5). Moreover there is the diversification of aquatic phytocoenosis exist in the neighbourhood of the weir.
PL
Celem pracy było przedstawienie różnorodności florystycznej ramienic oraz różnorodności fitocenotycznej roślinności ramienicowej 18 jezior zbadanych na terenie Poligonu Wojskowego Wędrzyn oraz Łagowskiego Parku Krajobrazowego (zgłoszony obszar ochrony Natura 2000 "Buczyny Łagowsko-Sulęcińskie".
EN
The aim of the paper was to present the floristic diversity of charophytes (Characeae family) and phytocoenotic diversity of charophyte vegetation in 18 lakes surveyed on the area of Wędrzyn Military Training Ground and Łagów Landscape Park (mid-Western Poland). Material was collected during the study of rush and aquatic vegetation carried out in the summer season 2004 - 2005. From amongst 34 Polish species of the Characeae family and 22 currently present in waters of Ziemia Lubuska 11 species were found, representing 4 from 5 charophyte genera known from Poland, including a very rare on an international scale species Lychnothamnus barbatus, the only one representative of this genus world-wide. 10 of them built charophyte meadows constituting 10 of all 47 macrophyte communities found and occurring in 10 lakes. In further 6 lakes charophyte individuals or small clusters were noted. The highest number of species and the highest number of charophyte communities per lake was 7 and occurred in Lake Mcko Duże.
PL
Starorzecza stanowią istotny element krajobrazu dolin rzek nizinnych. Na przykładzie starorzeczy doliny dolnej Wisły omówiono charakterystykę i wybrane aspekty funkcji biogeochemicznych ich ekosystemów, związanych z metabolizmem osadów dennych i funkcjami roślinności wodnej. Czynnikami różnicującymi starorzecza jest ich podatność na perturbacje związane z wezbraniami rzek oraz struktura (różnorodność) roślinności. Zróżnicowanie strukturalne przekłada się na zróżnicowanie zdolności retencyjnych w stosunku do ładunków związków biogennych, gdzie najkorzystniejsze cechy posiadają osady denne starorzeczy zalewanych wodami wezbraniowymi. Poszczególne gatunki roślin uzależnione są od specyficznych warunków środowiska, zmieniając często w przeciwstawny sposób parametry funkcjonowania ekosystemów. W zagospodarowaniu dolin rzecznych należy dążyć do wykorzystania starorzeczy jako sprawnej pułapki biogeochemicznej oraz stabilizującego i łączącego komponentu krajobrazu doliny rzeki, pod warunkiem zachowania dynamiki wezbrań.
EN
Oxbow lakes constitute an important element of the landscape of lowland river floodplains. The structural characteristics and chosen aspects of biogeochemical functions are described for oxbow ecosystems in the lower Vistula floodplain, considering metabolic properties of bottom sediments and functions of aquatic vegetation. Typology of oxbow lakes, based mainly on their susceptibility to flood disturbances and on vegetation structure and diversity is proposed. Patterns of structural diversity imply the variability of retentive properties for external nutrient loads, where sediments of periodically flooded lakes reveal the most desirable properties. Particular plant species, constrained by specific environmental variables, transform functions of their ecosystems in contrasting ways. Oxbow lakes may perform a role of effective biogeochemical traps as well as may increase the stability and connectivity functions of riverine landscapes. Such optimising of floodplain management demands at least partial restoration of flood dynamics for maintaining non-degraded functions of oxbow lakes. Functional assessment of vegetation and sediment analyses may help in establishing the most desirable restoration measures.
9
Content available Stawy kąpielowe - formy bliskie naturze
EN
Water in a swimming pond is purified through natural processes of self-cleaning so there is no need to use chemicals necessary to maintain traditional swimming pools. It is safe for humans and the environment, combining the benefits of a swimming pool and a garden pond. It may be used in private gardens and public recreational facilities. Its construction and maintenance is usually much cheaper and it blends harmoniously into the natural landscape. In this context, the authors discuss the basics of construction and maintenance of swimming ponds, selection of water plants, and relevant legal aspects.
PL
Zanalizowano formy występowania miedzi w wodach zlewni rolniczych, zwlaszcza pod kątem rozpoznania stopnia związania miedzi z substancjami humusowymi. Ponadto określono znaczenie roślinności zbiornika śródpolnego w modyfikowaniu form migrującej miedzi. Procent miedzi związanej z substancjami humusowymi wahał się od 12% do 42% w wodach gruntowych, podczas gdy w wodach powierzchniowych od 39% do 88% w odniesieniu do ogólnych ilości tego metalu. Zawartość miedzi w roślinach wynosiła 1,2 do 27,1 mg Cu [wzór].
EN
The occurrence of copper forms in waters of agricultural basin, particularly with respect of humic substances abilities to bind copper was analysed. Moreover importance of mid-field plants in modifying chemical forms of migrating copper was determined. Percent of copper bound to humic substances ranged from 12% to 42% in ground waters, whereas in surface waters from 39% to 88% taking into account total amount of this metal. Concentration of copper in plants amounted from 1,2 to 27,1 mg Cu [formula].
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