Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Experimental investigation into the tensile strength post-repair on damaged aluminium 2024 - T3 plates using hybrid bonding/riveting

Merah A.Abdelkrim, Houari Amin, Madani Kouider, Belhouari Mohamed, Amroune Salah, Chellil Ahmed, Yahia Cherif Zineelabidine, Campilho Raul D.S.G.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 3

514--525

EN

Since the implementation of repair processes by composite patch bonding, this process has consistently demonstrated high performance across various industrial sectors, especially in the fields of aeronautics, aerospace and civil engineering. Consequently, there are situations in which the riveting process becomes the sole solution, particularly when the structure is subjected to severe mechanical or thermo-mechanical stresses, since adhesives have low mechanical strength after aging. Each method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The current trend is to combine these two processes to minimise their drawbacks as much as possible. The objective of this work is to present an experimental study on the repair of an aluminium plate AL2024-T3 with a central circular notch using a patch of different nature (metal or composite), under tensile loading conditions. The repair composite considered is a carbon/epoxide. The results of the tensile tests showed that the repair by the combination of the two processes improves the mechanical strength of the damaged structure. A comparison of the results of the experimental curves obtained on riveted, bonded and hybrid assemblies has been taken into consideration.

2

Comparison finite element analysis on duralium strength against multistage artificial aging process

Tsamroh D.I.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 109, nr 1

29--34

EN

Purpose: To analyze and estimate the strength of duralium rivets which had been treated by using multistage artificial aging compared with duralium that had not been treated. This processwas necessary to be conducted in riveting process effectively. Duralium has been widely used in aerospace industry, one of duralium usage in aerospace industry is aircraft fittings such as rivet. Riveting is one of method that used for joining airframe structural components. During riveting process, the load transfer causing stress that led to the fatigue. Riveting process also causes deformation on the rivet and sheet metal. Deformation that occurs on the rivet will affect the performance of rivet structure. Thus, duralium rivet was analyzed its total deformation, shear stress, and its equivalent stress Von Misses. Design/methodology/approach: that used in this study was finite element analysis. Geometry of rivet that used in this study was drawn by using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2018. While total deformation, shear stress and equivalent stress Von Mises on duralium rivets were found out by using ANSYS Workbench 18.1. Findings: Comparison result was obtained between duralium rivet with and without treatment of multistage artificial aging. The result shown that total deformation, shear stress and equivalent stress Von Mises which obtained by duralium rivet with multistage artificial aging had the lower value than duralium rivet without multistage artificial aging. Duralium rivet with multistage artificial aging could be used as aircraft fitting which had the higher strength. Research limitations/implications: Direct experiment on duralium rivet had not been done yet, this study only did simulation based on data that obtained form previous research that had been conducted by the researcher. Practical implications: Duralium rivet with multistage artificial aging had lower value on total deformation, shear stress, and equivalent stress Von Misses, thus duralium rivet with multistage aritificial aging had a higher strength. Originality/value: Application of duralium as a rivet with treatment of multistage artificial aging.

3

A comparative analysis of the load capacity of riveted and resistant welded joints

Lacki Piotr, Niemiro-Maźniak Judyta

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo

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2019

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Z. 25 (175)

126-130

EN

There is a growing development in techniques that use thin-walled elements in construction and other industries, which is dictated primarily by the demand for lightweight, load-bearing structures, that are simple to manufacture and assemble. The paper presents selected methods of joining thin-walled metal structures. Experimental studies of the load capacity of resistance welded joints and riveted joints were carried out for the thickness of 0.8 mm. Graphs detailing the forces and displacements in the tested joints are shown and the method of sample destruction is presented. As a result of the tests, it was concluded that resistance welded joints achieved a load capacity of about 118% greater than the load capacity of riveted joints.

PL

W budownictwie oraz innych gałęziach przemysłu obserwuje się coraz większy rozwój technik stosowania elementów cienkościennych. Podyktowane jest to przede wszystkim zapotrzebowaniem na lekkie, a jednocześnie przenoszące odpowiednie obciążenia konstrukcje, z prostą technologią wytwarzania i montażem. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane sposoby łączenia cienkościennych konstrukcji metalowych. Przeprowadzono eksperymentalne badania nośności połączeń zgrzewanych oporowo oraz połączeń nitowanych. Statycznej próbie ścinania poddane zostały połączenia zakładkowe z pojedynczą zgrzeiną (nitem). Złącza wykonane zostały z blachy stalowej DCO1 o grubości 0,8 mm. Uzyskano wykresy sił i przemieszczeń dla badanych złączy oraz przedstawiono sposób niszczenia się próbek. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań wywnioskowano, że złącza zgrzewane oporowo osiągnęły nośność o około 118% większą od nośności złączy nitowanych.

4

Contribution to the construction of the riveting tool and its verification under laboratory conditions

Moravec Jan

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2019

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Vol. 86, nr 8

264--266

EN

The paper deals with problems of riveting and tools for riveting. Various tool designs are presented. In the experimental part there were done verification works with these tools, which confirmed the effectiveness and suitability of the presented constructions of tools for riveting.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy problemów nitowania i narzędzi do nitowania. Przedstawiono różne konstrukcje tego typu narzędzi. Eksperymentalne próby, przeprowadzone w celu weryfikacji tych narzędzi, potwierdziły skuteczność i przydatność przedstawionych konstrukcji narzędzi do nitowania.

5

Strength of the SPR joints - selected aspects

Cacko Robert

Fastener : rynek elementów złącznych

|

2019

|

nr 2

52--55

EN

Riveting is one of the oldest joining techniques known to man. Historical sources confirm that as early as at the beginnings of the Bronze Age, solid rivets were used to rivet metal. Over the years, in connection with growing knowledge in the field of welding technology and the availability of weldable steels and other structural metals, riveting has gradually been replaced by cheaper welding techniques. Due to a certain number of features, they have become the main joining techniques in the industry.

6

Comparative analysis of riveted and adhesive joints of GFRP laminates in the aspect of aerostructure applications

Bielawski R., Kłonica M., Rządkowski W.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2018

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Vol. 39, nr 2

68--74

EN

The paper shows the results of the study into the effectiveness of structural laminate joining solutions by conducting comparative shear strength tests of adhesive and riveted joints of GFRP laminate components. In addition, the work shows selected surface roughness and texture parameters, a detailed analysis of failure forces measured in tensile test as well as analysis of failure modes of combined specimens. The theoretical and experimental sections of this paper describe the riveted and adhesive joints of the laminate substrates, and have led to several important conclusions in analysis of force and failure for two joint formations.

PL

Celem artykułu było przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej wytrzymałości połączeń nitowanych i klejowych kompozytów polimerowych wzmocnionych włóknem ciągłym stosowanych w elementach konstrukcji lotniczych.

7

Właściwości materiałowe nitów ze stali S355J2+C w świetle badań laboratoryjnych

Jasiński W.

Dozór Techniczny

|

2016

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z. 6

12--17

PL

Wzrost zastosowania wysoko wytrzymałych stali w konstrukcjach stalowych wymusił zastosowanie technik łączenia, np. nitowania i połączeń kołkowo-śrubowych. Efekt cieplny procesu spawania doprowadza do znacznego obniżenia właściwości wytrzymałościowych złącza spawanego stali obrobionych cieplnie. Ponadto połączenia nitowane stanowią element dekoracyjny w realizowanych nowych konstrukcjach stalowych. Połączenia kołkowo-śrubowe stosowane są w pracach remontowych konstrukcji stalowych. Zalecane jest stosowanie łączników z materiałów o składzie i właściwosciach zblizonych do łączonych materiałów. W przypadku nitowania na gorąco właściwości materiału nitu ulegają zmianie w wyniku przemian fazowych w procesie nagrzewania do 950-1000°C i chłodzenia w trakcie zakuwania łba nitu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy zmian właściwości materiału nitu po normalizowaniu i zakuwaniu w stosunku do stanu dostawy.

8

The Analysis of the Influence of Riveting Parameters Specified in Selected Riveting Instructions on Residual Stresses

Wronicz W., Kaniowski J.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2014

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Iss. 6

63--71

EN

The riveting parameters strongly affect residual stresses induced during riveting, which in turn have an impact on the fatigue life of riveted joints. Since rivets are established as critical from the fatigue point of view, the fatigue life of riveted joints often determines the life of the whole structure. The authors were able to become acquainted with three riveting instructions (process specifications) used by the aerospace companies from western Europe. This work presents the analysis of the riveting parameters' influence on residual stresses around the rivets. The impact of the clearance between a rivet shank and a hole as well as driven head dimensions and a rivet length were investigated based on the numerical simulations. The aim of the analysis was to determine the range of stresses variation when the requirements of the riveting instructions are fulfilled. For the purposes of comparison, the calculations were performed also with the parameters as specified in the Polish industry standards. For all calculations, the geometry of the universal rivet MS20470 was used. The results show that residual stresses can vary strongly depending on the parameters in the instructions and standard requirements.

9

Local Phenomena During Riveting Process

Kaniowski J., Wronicz W.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2013

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Iss. 5

66--78

EN

The paper presents experimental and numerical study of the local phenomena during the riveting process. It is commonly accepted that technological factors of the riveting process has a strong influence on the fatigue life of riveted joints. The authors analysed the papers concerned the experimental researches of the riveting force influence on fatigue life. The magnitude of the life increase caused by the riveting force increase suggests the authors that this is not only the result of beneficial stress system but the change of the joint formation mechanism has taken place. This was an inspiration to undertake more detailed researches of the riveting process. The strain progress during the riveting process has been experimentally investigated for four types of aluminium rivets used in airframes. Measurements confirm very high strains near the driven head. For some types of rivets the reversal strain signal has been recorded. Several FE model has been use to investigate the riveting process. The axisymmetric and solid models were used. The agreement of experimental and numerical results in some cases were good, in other cases the numerical models demand further development. In any calculations, the reversal strain effect has not been obtained, This suggest that it is result of the phenomenon which has not been taken into account in numerical modelling. The working hypothesis has been assumed that during the riveting process adhesive joints (called cold welding) were formed and destroyed during the process, what was the reason of the observed reversal strain signal. The authors are going to continue this investigation.

10

What if they are not weld-able?

Zhang H., Jayatissa A. H., Durbin S., Ma G.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2012

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Vol. 3, No. 3

86-91

EN

Many light metals, such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, are promised to provide significant weight reduction for automobiles. However, the difficulties in welding these metals seriously hinder their large-scale applications. A new, hybrid mechanical joining process is proposed to avoid the inherited metallurgical complications in welding. By spinning and pressing a solid rivet into the metals, a joint is formed with the locking from the rivet, a stirred/mixed zone around the rivet, and solid bonding at the faying interface. This riveting process combines the actions of friction-stir welding in which metals of difierent sheets are mechanically mixed, and self-piercing riveting process which embeds a rivet in the sheets. Experiments have shown that such a friction-stir riveting process can produce joints of comparable strength to those created by other joining means, and can be applied to dififcult-to-weld metals and dissimilar metals, such as aluminum-to-aluminum, magnesium-to-magnesium, and aluminum-to-magnesium.

11

Some aspects of dynamic riveting simulations

Szymczyk E., Jachimowicz J., Puchała K.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 1

423-430

EN

Riveting is a commonly used (especially in aircraft structures) method of joining metal and composite components. The methods of forming solid shank rivets can be classified in two types: static and dynamic. The static method is the most efficient one. Regrettably, its application is limited. A popular upsetting tool used in an aircraft is a pneumatic riveter. The rivet driving requires a few hammer strokes. The total stress in a riveted joint depends on the residual and applied stress. Residual post-riveting stress fields are widely accepted to have a beneficial influence on the fatigue life of aircraft structures. The analysis is carried out for a solid mushroom rivet (made of PA25 alloy) joining two sheets (made of 2024T3 alloy). Nonlinear dynamic simulations of the upsetting process are carried out. Simulation of the riveting process is significantly influenced by a material model. The numerical calculations are performed for three different cases of upsetting described by the formed rivet head diameters 1.4d, 1.5d and 1.6d, respectively. The rivet head diameter and, consequently, the residual stress state depend on hammer stroke energy. It has a significant influence on a plastic region around the rivet hole, whereas the influence of a number of strokes can be neglected. The strain rate in both local and global (average) formulation is analysed in the paper. For one hammer stroke, the global strain rate of the rivet shank is about 1.0 thousand per second. The local strain rate is about two times greater than the global one, so a strain rate factor has an effect on the residual stress state. For a few hammer strokes, the strain rate is lower than for one stroke; however, it increases a little in each stroke. The hole deformation can be treated as a function of the internal energy of the sheet. The lower total energy of the part the greater influence of the strain rate on the internal energy is observed.

12

Koncepcja nowego nitu proponowanego do zastosowań w konstrukcjach lotniczych

Balawender T., Śliwa R. E.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne

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2009

|

R. 54, nr 11

763-768

PL

W artykule przedstawiono nową konstrukcję nitu, która może być zastosowana w konstrukcjach lotniczych. Nit składa się z dwóch części. Każda część posiada łeb i trzon, ale jeden trzon jest w postaci trzpienia, a drugi w postaci tulei. Zakuwanie nitu polega na połączeniu tych składowych części przez wprowadzenie trzonu do tulei i ich plastycznym spęczeniu. W czasie zakuwania nie dochodzi do odkształceń plastycznych łbów nitów. Podczas spęczania średnice trzonów: trzpieniowego i tulejowego powiększają się, aż do momentu całkowitego wypełnienia otworu nitowego. Ze względu na niejednorodność odkształcenia w procesie spęczania (beczkowatość), wyjściowa zewnętrzna powierzchnia trzpienia tulejowego jest w postaci walcowej tulei o wklęsłej powierzchni bocznej. W czasie nitowania, spęczane trzpienie odkształcają się najbardziej w środkowej strefie, co powoduje wyginanie tej powierzchni do kształtu prostego walca i jej dopasowanie do powierzchni otworu nitowego oraz zakrzywienie wewnętrznej powierzchni tuleja-trzpień do kształtu beczki. Zakrzywienie powierzchni styku tuleja-trzpień daje efekt zamknięcia nitu. Przeprowadzono badania wstępne nowego rodzaju nitu. Nity wykonywano z trzech różnych materiałów (czystego aluminium, miedzi i duralu). Przedstawiono wyniki uzyskanego połączenia dla różnych materiałów części składowych.

EN

This work is dealing with the new rivet construction, which can be used in aeronautical construction. The rivet is made up of two parts. Each part consists of head and shank but one shank is in a form of pin and another is in a form of sleeve. Closing up of rivet consists in joining of these two rivet parts. Joining is the consequence of plastic deformation of constituent rivet shanks. No rivet head plastic forming takes place during clenching process, so it can be accurately controlled by displacement of dies. When the rivets are compressed, the diameter of the pin shank grows and forces the deformation of the second rivet shank (sleeve) until the rivet hole is completely filled. Because the pin deformation leads to barrel-shaped resulting from non-homogeneous deformation, the initial outer shape of the sleeve is in the form of concave cylinder; inner shape of sleeve is matched to the pin cylindrical shape. At the end of compressing process this concave shape is straighten to cylindrical hole shape but because of pin barrelling the inner shape of sleeve becomes concave. This concave curvature of pin-sleeve shank surface gives the effect of the rivet shut. The results of the first step of new rivet investigations have been realised. Three different materials (aluminium, copper and aluminium alloy) were used for constituent rivets. Obtained results of good connection investigated under different conditions have been presented. Rivets were open die upset to the moment of side surface straightening. Upset rivets were cut lengthwise and section structure was observed. Longitudinal-sections of new rivet joint showed a good structural connection of component parts. This let to suppose, that presented idea of new rivet is correct and should be developed. Future investigations should include strength tests of riveted joint and further improvement of rivet geometry. Geometry of initial outer shape of sleeve shank is very important for the sake of proper closing the rivet. It should be precisely determined for different rivet shank diameter and length, and especcially, degree of shank deformation. It is difficult to determinate the application of new rivet basing on actual experience. Because during rivet closing operation, plastic deformation proceeds only in the rivet shank, it can be accurately controlled by displacement of dies and the disadvantageous phenomenon of lug and residual stresses should be diminished. So this riveting technique seems to convenient to joining composite structures.

13

Numeryczna analiza zjawisk zachodzących w procesie nitowania złącza typu "SPR"

Mucha J.

Mechanik

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2009

|

R. 82, nr 4

286-288

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki przeprowadzonych obliczeń numerycznych kształtowania złącza typu SPR; dokonano analizy przebiegu siły nitowania w poszczególnych fazach procesu jego powstawania. Za pomocą obliczeń określono rozkład naprężeń oraz odkształceń plastycznych w elementach złącza. Ponadto wykazano istotność wpływu warunków docisku na przebieg powstawania połączenia oraz wartość maksymalnej siły nitowania.

EN

Presented are the results of numeric calculations carried out for an SPR type joint design work. Riveting force progress was analyzed during consequent phases of the operation. Patterns of stress distribution and of permanent set in the joint parts were found out. Importance of the hold down conditions for the progress of operation and for the maximum riveting pressure is explained.

14

Some aspects of designing process self piercing riveting

Mucha J.

Archiwum Technologii Maszyn i Automatyzacji

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2009

|

Vol. 29, nr 4

91-101

EN

The self piercing riveting is a process of cold plastic joint shaping under pressure, where pressed tubular rivet cuts the upper sheet piece, and then interferes in the lower sheet pieces while expanding, locking the joint. The example analysis of effect of die impression form change on riveting force reduction and joint quality indicator change has been presented in this paper. The analysis of such a joining process has been performed using commercial MSC software. The numerical modeling enables effective tool form selection in terms of reduction of the energy consumption during joining process. The numerical simulation results are very valuable when designing such modern joints.

PL

Nitowanie bezotworowe jest procesem plastycznego kształtowania złącza pod naciskiem na zimno. Wtłaczany nit rurkowy przebija górną blachę, a następnie, rozszerzając się, wciska się w dolną blachę, blokując je. W artykule przedstawiono przykład analizy wpływu zmiany kształtu wykroju matrycy na zmniejszenie siły nitowania oraz zmianę wskaźników jakościowych złącza. Do analizy tego zagadnienia wykorzystano komercyjne oprogramowanie firmy MSC. Modelowanie numeryczne umożliwia efektywny dobór kształtu narzędzi pozwalający zmniejszyć energochłonność łączenia. Rezultaty symulacji numerycznej są nieocenione na etapie projektowania tych nowatorskich połączeń.

15

Analiza wpływu technologii nitowania na stan przemieszczeń, odkształceń i naprężeń wokół nitu

Jachimowicz J., Szymczyk E., Sławiński G.

Mechanik

|

2008

|

R. 81, nr 4

332-337

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń numerycznych, które pokazują wpływ czynników technologicznych na proces nitowania.

EN

Presented are the results of numeric calculations to demonstrate the effect of the process features on riveting operation.

16

Modelowanie i analiza MES technologicznego procesu nitowania pokryć lotniczych

Szymczyk E., Jachimowicz J., Sławiński G., Derewońko A.

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

|

2008

|

R. 49/2, nr 4-5

88-94

PL

Połączenia nitowe są nadał szeroko stosowane w przemyśle lotniczym. O stanie połączenia decyduje nie tylko obciążenie eksploatacyjne, ale również sposób jego wykonania. Dlatego należy uwzględnić wypływ czynników konstrukcyjnych, materiałowych a przede wszystkim technologicznych na wytrzymałość połączenia. Przedstawiono trzy warianty symulacji zakuwania na prasie nitu grzybkowego w celu wyznaczenia rozkładów oraz wartości naprężeń wstępnych w połączeniu nitowym, a tym sann oceny stopnia wypełnienia otworu nitowego.

EN

The riveted joints are still commonly used in aircraft structures. Manufacturing process as well as service load has an important influence on the strength of the joint The effect of the design, material and rivet manufacturing factors on fatigue performance of the riveted joint should be considered. Three cases of simulation of the riveting process are presented in the paper. The stress and strain states around the rivet hole after riveting are compared.

17

Overview on the state of development and the application potential of dieless mechanical joining processes

Neugebauer R., Todtermuschke M., Mauermann R., Riedel F.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2008

|

Vol. 8, no 4

51-60

EN

In the course of ongoing development of mechanical joining technologies, different technologies were developed in the last years, where often the necessary die as contrary die was substituted by a flat anvil. Using the example of dieless clinching, the full potential of such process alternatives is visible. If the tools, as the punch or the blank-holder are modified and the necessary die is substituted by a fiat anvil, then several advantages for the process alternative - the dieless clinching - emerges. For example, it is possible to produce a one-sided flat connection, which is not producible with any other joining technology. Additionally it is possible to enlarge the application potential of mechanical joining technologies as for example semi-finished parts made of magnesium can be partially heated and directly joined without an increase in process time or a reduction in the process stability. The tool's costs, the necessary tolerances and the tool wear are significantly reduced. The publication includes an overview over the state of the development and the application potential with practical examples of differcnt process alternatives.

PL

Publikacja zawiera przegląd rozwoju i potencjalnego zastosowania mechanicznego łączenia z praktycznymi przykładami. Obecnie intensywnie rozwijane są różne technologie mechanicznego łączenia, gdzie matryca jako przeciwstempel (wypychacz) została zastąpiona przez płaskie kowadło. Używając bezmatrycowego klinczowania, pojawia się kilka korzyści dla alternatywnych procesów, na przykład możliwe jest wyprodukowanie jednostronnych płaskich połączeń. Dodatkowo zastosowanie technologii mechanicznych połączeń może zostać rozszerzone na elementy z magnezu, które mogą zostać częściowo podgrzane i bezpośrednio połączone. Koszty narzędzi i ich zużycie jest znacząco mniejsze niż w innych metodach łączenia.

18

Rozszerzenie zakresu pracy siłowników pneumo-hydraulicznych na przykładzie łączenia elementów głośników.

Kozłowski J.

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

|

1998

|

nr 4

44-45

19

Bezłącznikowe nitowanie końcówek przewodów elektrycznych.

Gmur Z.

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

|

1998

|

nr 2

14-15

20

Analiza porównawcza kosztów operacji klejenia i nitowania.

Kuczmaszewski J., Rudawska A.

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

|

1998

|

nr 4

23-25