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1

Ekologiczny i społeczny potencjał rewitalizacji cieków wodnych na obszarach miejskich na przykładzie parku linearnego Młynówka Królewska w Krakowie

Kowalski Przemysław, Zieliński Miłosz, Amado Antonio

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2021

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nr 37

62--III strona okładki

PL

W artykule omówiono potencjał przestrzenny oraz istniejące ograniczenia parku linearnego Młynówka Królewska w Krakowie, w kontekście rewitalizacji terenów nadrzecznych w miastach. Analizie poddano zagadnienie usług ekosystemowych (UE) oferowanych przez tereny zieleni miejskiej, rozpatrywanych w ujęciu obszarów zielonej infrastruktury (ZI), w których łączone są powierzchnie zieleni i wód powierzchniowych. Omówiono dynamikę oddziaływania obszarów ZI na środowisko miejskie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ograniczenie efektu miejskiej wyspy ciepła (MWC). Dyskusji poddana została społeczna percepcja UE związanych z obszarami ZI w mieście, w kontekście terenów nadwodnych. Analizie poddany został przykład koncepcyjnych projektów rewitalizacji terenu położonego wzdłuż dawnego sztucznego koryta rzecznego Młynówki Królewskiej, którego geneza sięga XIII wieku, opracowanych przez studentów kierunku architektura krajobrazu. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, iż projektowanie zgodnie z koncepcją zielonej infrastruktury w ujęciu Benedicta i McMahona (2006), umożliwia zwiększenie zakresu świadczonych UE, w tym poprawę dostępności przestrzeni w przeliczeniu na mieszkańca. Wprowadzenie wody w osuszone obecnie koryto rzeczne umożliwi zwiększenie efektywności terenu zieleni w redukcji efektu MWC.

EN

The article discusses the spatial potential and the existing limitations of the Młynówka Królewska linear park in Krakow in the context of revitalizing riverside areas in cities. The issue of ecosystem services (ES) offered by urban green areas was analyzed in the context of green infrastructure (GI), where green areas and surface waters are combined. The dynamics of the impact of GI areas on the urban environment were discussed, with particular emphasis on reducing the urban heat island effect (UHI). The social perception of the ES related to GI areas in the city, in the context of waterside areas, was discussed. An example of conceptual projects for the revitalization of the area along the former artificial river bed of Młynówka Królewska, the genesis of which dates back to the 13ᵗʰ century, developed by students of landscape architecture, was analyzed. In conclusion, it was stated that designing in line with the concept of green infrastructure according to Benedict and McMahon (2006) allows for an increase in the provision of ESs and the improvement of space availability per inhabitant. The introduction of water into the currently dry riverbed will allow increasing the efficiency of the green area in reducing the UHI effect.

2

Hydrological Assessment of the Water Replenishment Possibility of the Uzh River Urbanized Floodplain on the Example of Bozdosky Park, Ukraine

Velychko Svitlana, Dupliak Olena

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

30--38

EN

Over the last twenty years, the number of projects aimed at river restoration and rehabilitation increased significantly. In the city it is impossible to provide full river restoration, but at the same time it is possible to create a comfortable natural environment both for flora and fauna and for the citizens. In our work it was assessed the possibility of the floodplain restoration by the water replenishment of the dry old riverbed during the vegetation season on the example of the river inside the city. The simulation of the current state allowed to verify the main parameters of the model with the existing observations of the water levels in the river and lake and water levels in the wells located in the park. The river – floodplain interaction was simulated: floodplain was separated from the river by the flood control dyke, the water replenishment of the lake and the old riverbed was due to seepage (current state); the connection of the floodplain with the river by the culvert and the replenishment of the lake and the old riverbed with surface river water. The simulation showed that the lake isolated from the river is filled to a depth of not more than 0.5 m, the old riverbed is filled with water only during spring floods. The water balance calculations of the lake showed that in the conditions of isolation from the river, the lake volume is significantly affected by precipitation and evaporation from the lake water surface area. The connection of the lake with the river surface water reduces the impact of the vertical components of the water balance, at the same time increases the seepage losses from the lake because of the water level raising. The connection of the river with the floodplain makes it possible to replenish the old riverbed and the lake in the mean year, but in the dry years the water level in the lake does not allow to replenish the old riverbed during the vegetation season. Calculations showed that to be able to keep the constant water level in the lake and old riverbed, it is necessary to increase the water level in the lake.

3

Technical Assessment of River Training Impact on the Raba River Bed Stability on the Selected Longitudinal Section

Łapuszek Marta, Wolak Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

145--155

EN

Short assessment and prediction of movement of selected Raba river sections in Southern Poland, using the existing, historical sources is presented in this paper. It was done to the most practicable extent, with regard to the river training structures as groynes and revetments stability structures. The old maps (almost non-existent) and/or aerial photographs of the selected areas and the archival projects of technical Raba river channel regulation were complemented with specific stream power and bed shear stress. In the 8.2 km long study area, four specific sections were studied in the current paper. The general trends over the last fifty years included artificial narrowing of the active channel width with uniform riverbed longitudinal slope. The current studies lead to the conclusion that the narrowed river channel tend to restoring its previous state. However, throughout each analyzed section, the channel-forming processes are varied, mostly related to restoring the local natural longitudinal slope. In Section-1, the process of sediment deposition was observed and it continues till now. In Section-2, the channel-forming processes were carried out with high intensity with tendency to rebuild its previous braided course. Currently, this tendency is continuing. The third Section seems to be the most stable after the river training works. In Section-4 the process of high erosion, especially of the left bank, is observed. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that more comprehensive investigation is needed of the whole 8.2-km long reach to assess the river state.

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Analysis and Modeling the Streambed Evolution after the Check Dam Restoration: the Case of Krzczonówka Stream

Łapuszek Marta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

188--196

EN

In the Upper Vistula Basin, series of check dams are located on almost each of mountain stream. These streams are strongly affected by the presence of dams that disrupt the sediment movement in the channel. Moreover, the check dams are in poor technical condition. The current study focuses on the Krzczonówka Stream, a left-bank tributary of the Raba River, where restoration works were undertaken in 2014 involving lowering of a check dam. The aim of the project was the continuity of the stream corridor for fish migration restoration. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the streambed evolution and a numerical analysis of the impact of check dam lowering and removal of sediment, previously accumulated upstream under the geomorphologic conditions in the studied stream after three years of project execution. A 1D sediment transport model was employed to estimate the areas of erosion and deposition throughout the river course. The calculations show that the thickness of the deposited sediment ranged from 0.20 up to 0.91 m at 1.5 km of the reach. The layer thickness deposited form 2.1 to 1.75 km of the reach, is rather thin; subsequently, the layer thickness increases and the highest values are reached at the area of 1.35 – 1.7 km. The local erosion is observed in 1.1 km of the reach. It is very important to note that the identified erosional and accumulation tendencies are the same at corresponding cross sections measured as calculated based on the model. This also provides a practical form of model validation. Additionally, the stream channel evolution on the base on low annual water stages in Krzczonów gauging station, located downstream the dam, indicates that the bottom has increased in this section by about 50 cm. The comparison of cross-sectional geometry in years of 2015–2016 (after flood event) shows that the stream channel moved in the transverse direction (bank erosion and deposition) and the streambed level has changed slightly. Currently, the stream channel does not seem to be in a state of hydrodynamic equilibrium. Thus, further field measurements will try to indicate when this balance is achieved.

5

Assessment of river hydromorphological quality for restoration purposes: an example of the application of RHQ method to a Polish Carpathian river

Hajdukiewicz H., Wyżga B., Zawiejska J., Amirowicz A., Oglęcki P., Radecki-Pawlik A.

Acta Geophysica

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2017

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Vol. 65, no. 3

423--440

EN

Planning and implementation of effective restoration projects require appropriate assessment of a river’s hydromorphological status. Two European standards on hydromorphological assessment of rivers and hydromorphological assessment methods used in Poland are reviewed in the context of their applicability for river restoration purposes. River Hydromorphological Quality assessment method is presented with a case study of the Biała River, Polish Carpathians, where this assessment was used as basis for a restoration project aimed to establish an erodible river corridor. The results of the assessment revealed significant differences in hydromorphological quality between unmanaged and channelized river cross-sections, indicating channel regulation as a major cause of the hydromorphological degradation of the Biała and confirming the choice of the erodible river corridor as an appropriate method of its restoration. The assessment indicated hydromorphological features of the river that were severely modified within the channelized reaches and which are likely to improve the most with the removal of bank protection and allowing free channel migration.

6

Hydromorphological Effect of Introducing Small Water Structures in River Restoration – the Example of PBHS Implementation

Kałuża T., Szoszkiewicz K., Szałkiewicz E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 2

90--96

EN

The work attempts to determine the impact of small hydrotechnical structures on channel hydromorphology as a measure of river restoration. The experiment was set up in Flinta River in Polish lowland where extensive hydromorphological survey was competed. At the first stage of restoration project containers filled with plant clumps working as sediment traps (plant basket hydraulic structures – PBHS) were introduced. Those structures were relatively small but at the same time, large enough to change the river flow efficiently – working like low crested weirs. Two year monitoring program provided information about the impact of introducing such structures on river morphology and explained the PBHS impact on flow pattern of the river.

7

Masowa likwidacja stopni piętrzących na rzekach w Stanach Zjednoczonych – fakt czy manipulacja?

Habel M., Babiński Z.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2016

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Nr 8

250--255

PL

Artykuł dostarcza nowych danych, które są niezbędne do prowadzenia rzetelnej dyskusji na temat korzyści i strat związanych z likwidacją stopni wodnych na rzekach. Podano dane liczbowe oraz opisano charakter usuniętych i planowanych do rozbiórki budowli, głównie w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Przedstawiono wyniki badań i opinie instytucji publicznych i organizacji pozarządowych, które dotyczyły przyczyn likwidacji piętrzeń na rzekach. Obszernie wyjaśniono jakie mogą być potencjalne negatywne skutki dla środowiska wodnego związane z prowadzeniem tzw. renaturyzacji rzek, m.in. w rezultacie uruchomienia osadów dennych zgromadzonych w likwidowanych zbiornikach wodnych. We wnioskach artykułu wskazano, że dotychczas prowadzona likwidacja piętrzeń na masową skalę dotyczy wyłącznie niskich budowli, niebędących stopniami wodnymi, a progami spiętrzającymi wodę na małych rzekach oraz wskazano na fakt braku przykładu likwidacji stopni wodnych na szlakach żeglownych.

EN

The article provides new data, which constitute a necessary input for a reliable discussion on the benefits and losses related to liquidation of damming stages on rivers. It presents numerical data and describes the structures that have been or are planned to be removed, mainly in the United States of America. The authors present the results of research and the opinions of public institutions and NGOs regarding the reasons behind liquidation of water damming on rivers. They provide an extensive explanation on the potential adverse impact on the water environment related to the so-called rivers restoration, inter olio as a result of moving the bottom deposits that accumulated in the water reservoirs being liquidated. In its conclusions, the article indicates that the hitherto mass liquidation of damming concerns solely small constructions, which are not damming stages but water barrages on small rivers and it points out to the lack of liquidation of damming stages on navigation routes.

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Tailwater habitat stability after dam removal and return to a natural hydrological regime

Tszydel M., Kruk A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 3

410--425

EN

The study was conducted from 2000 to 2003 in the tailwater of the Drzewieckie Lake, an artificial reservoir in Central Poland. Short-term peaks in water flow were generated for the purpose of the operation of a whitewater slalom canoeing track built just downstream of the dam. In 2002, the reservoir was drawn down. The patterns in habitat samples were recognized with a Kohonen’s unsupervised artificial neural network (SOM). The SOM spatial gradient was stronger than the SOM temporal gradient, which shows that the removal of the studied dam did not have a destructive impact on habitats’ features, as shown in other studies, and that the patchy nature of the riverbed has been maintained. The complete emptying of the Drzewieckie Lake took place at the beginning of the vegetation season, which allowed plants to cover the exposed bottom of the reservoir and, consequently, reduce the downstream flow of organic matter accumulated there. Patterns in the displacement of aquatic macrophytes, inorganic substratum and different fractions of particulate organic matter are discussed. The amount of dissolved oxygen decreased because of the lack of intensive water discharge from the reservoir into the river, which would result in high water turbulence. Results of this study are important for planning the ecologically sound dam removals.

9

The Impact of Environmental Preferences on Public Supporting for the River Ecosystem Restoration Program in China

Zhang Y., Li S.

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2014

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Vol. 9, nr 2

55--64

EN

Restoration of the urban river system is urgently needed as urban river pollution is becoming an important environmental problem in China. Apart from the technical challenge, explicitly including the local residents’ preferences toward ecosystem management and restoration often is critical for municipal planners and policy implementation. This study used a contingent valuation method to estimate the public preferences for supporting urban river restoration in Hangzhou and Nanjing, China. The results show that environmental preferences including perception, beliefs and past behavior were better explanatory variables than socio-demographic characteristics for explaining people’s support for ecosystem restoration actions. But the respondents’ demand and supply on environment goods are mismatch. People want better environments goods but they are unwilling to make an effort to build the environments. We also find that the average conjectural payment for the restoration project is only 36 Yuan RMB per capital. Efforts to assess and foster support for urban ecosystem restoration should be pay more attentions to the public’s perception, beliefs and past behavior.

PL

Odnowa środowiska rzecznego na terenach zurbanizowanych staje się w Chinach ważnym problemem środowiskowym, z uwagi na wysoki poziom zanieczyszczeń. Oprócz wyzwań technicznych, wyraźne uwzględnienie preferencji lokalnych społeczności odnoszących się do zarządzania środowiskiem i jego restytucji stanowi istotne wyzwanie dla miejskich planistów i wdrażanych programów. W tym artykule zastosowano metodę wyceny warunkowej w celu określenia społecznych preferencji związanych z wdrażanym programem odnowy środowiska rzecznego w Hangzou i Najing w Chinach. Otrzymane wyniki pokazują, że preferencje środowiskowe (uwzględniające percepcję, przekonania i dotychczasowe wzorce zachowania) okazały się być trafniejszymi zmiennymi wyjaśniającymi, niż wskaźniki społeczno-demograficzne, w kontekście wyjaśniania poziomu społecznego wsparcia dla działań podejmowanych na rzecz restytucji środowiska. Zarazem popyt i podaż respondentów na dobra środowiskowe rozmijają się. Ludzie oczekują lepszej jakości środowiska, ale nie są zainteresowani podejmowaniem osobistych działań w tym kierunku. Okazało się także, że przeciętny poziom hipotetycznego finansowego wsparcia respondentów dla działań na rzecz środowiska wynosi zaledwie 36 yuanów RMB za kapitał. Wysiłki w celu oceny i kształtowania wsparcia dla odbudowy środowiska powinny w większym stopniu zwracać uwagę na społeczny odbiór podejmowanych działań, ludzkie przekonania i dotychczasowe wzorce zachowania.

10

Scour downstream of J-Hook vanes in straight horizontal channels

Pagliara S., Kurdistani S., Santucci I.

Acta Geophysica

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2013

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Vol. 61, no. 5

1211--1228

EN

J-Hook vanes are grade control structures used to stabilize the riverbed. This paper aims to investigate the behaviour of J-Hook vanes as a grade-control structure in straight rivers. Scour downstream of J-Hook vane structures like other grade-control structures depends on the shape of the structure and the river hydraulic conditions. The purpose of this study is classifying the scour geometry and predicting the main scour parameters such as the scour depth, length, width, and the ridge height and length downstream of the J-Hook vanes in straight rivers. Experiments were carried out in a horizontal channel. For each length of the structure, three heights in different hydraulic conditions, including densimetric Froude numbers, water drops, and opening ratios, were tested. Results show that the densimetric Froude number, the drop height, and the height of the structure are the key parameters to form and classify the scour. Equations have been derived using dimensional analysis and experimental data to predict the maximum scour depth, the maximum length of the scour, the maximum scour width, and the maximum height and length of the dune. All the experiments were conducted in clear water conditions.

11

Wpływ renaturyzacji ujściowego odcinka Rudni na zawartość form azotu w wodach jej zlewni

Zieliński P., Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk E.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2009

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T. 9, z. 1

185-197

PL

Przeanalizowano jakość wód podziemnych (studziennych oraz płytkich gruntowych) i powierzchniowych w zlewni małej, renaturyzowanej rzeki Podlasia - Rudni. Na podstawie analiz hydrochemicznych stwierdzono, że mimo obserwowanej w ostatnich latach intensyfikacji produkcji rolnej, wody zlewni Rudni zachowują bardzo dobry lub dobry stan wg aktualnej klasyfikacji wód podziemnych i powierzchniowych. Średnie stężenie azotanów (V) w wodach Rudni (1,54-4,71 mg·dm-3) jest znacznie mniejsze od poziomu podawanego w dyrektywie azotanowej w odniesieniu do wód zagrożonych. Budowa geologiczna zlewni i porowy charakter wód podziemnych, sprzyjające szybkiej migracji azotanów do pierwszego poziomu wodonośnego, wymagają podjęcia działań ograniczających penetrację tych jonów. Przeprowadzone zabiegi renaturyzacyjne Rudni i utrzymujący się na terenie zlewni wysoki poziom wód gruntowych stworzyły dogodne warunki dla procesu denitryfikacji, co przyczyniło się do eliminacji azotanów (V) z wód powierzchniowych w dolnym biegu rzeki. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że warunki hydrometeorologiczne istotnie wpływają na stężenie form azotu, szczególnie mineralnego, we wszystkich badanych typach wód zlewni. Zwiększone opady ponad przeciętną powodowały nawet trzykrotne zwiększenie stężenia azotanów (V) w wodzie powierzchniowej i wodach studziennych badanej zlewni.

EN

Two years long (2006-2007) autumn studies were carried out in three different types of waters (wells, piezometric water and river water) in restored, small lowland river catchment (Podlasie region, NE Poland). Waters of the Rudnia River catchment represent very good and good state of water quality according to present Polish classification. Mean concentrations of nitrate ions in the Rudnia catchment varying from 1.54 to 4.71 mg·dm-3 are much lower than the maximum nitrate level allowed for drinking waters described in the Nitrates Directive. Catchment geology and percolation of ground waters enhance intensive migration of nitrates to the first layer aquifers. River restoration project and other activities lifting ground water table in the catchment area eliminate nitrates from surface water especially in lower part of the river course where environmental conditions for denitrification are the best. Hydrometeorological conditions are the key factor affecting mineral forms of nitrogen in all studied types of water in the Rudnia catchment. Intensive rainfalls increased up to three times the nitrate concentrations in the river and in wells of the Rudnia catchment.

12

Sediment budget of a heathland sand-bed river

Schulte-Rentrop A., Koll K., Aberle J., Dittrich A.

Acta Geophysica Polonica

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 4

553-565

EN

The paper presents methodologies to quantify sediment sources in order to determine the sediment budget of a river. The methods are applied to assess the morphological state of the heathland River Wuemme. The results emphasize that de-tailed knowledge of the sediment budget is a prerequisite for the development of successful river restoration strategies.

13

A protection strategy for the floodplains of the River Yzer (Flanders, Belgium)

Rycke A. de, Devos K., Samain B., Sas M., Decleer K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2004

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no. 8

35-48

EN

The Yzer is a lowland river, which rises in Northern France and discharges into the North Sea in western Flanders (Belgium) with a catchment area of 1101 km². In the downstream part, the river has been canalised and embanked for navigation. Along the middle section of the river the original, wide floodplain was preserved and still floods several times every winter. This floodplain area has a high ecological value and was designated as Ramsar and Special Protection Area under the EU Bird Directive. Due to large peak run-offs during the last decade, several times also houses and farms were endangered. An integrated project for flood protection of houses and nature restoration was elaborated. Aiming at a policy of integrated water management, the Flemish Waterways and Maritime Affairs Administration (AWZ) spends more attention for nature conservation and restoration than in the past. The Institute of Nature Conservation was contracted to elaborate nature rehabilitation scenarios for the different Flemish waterways. Within social, economic and ecological preconditions, realistic targets for nature restoration and development are formulated. Basic principle is to develop a sustainable ecosystem, neutralizing the bottlenecks as much as possible, providing (more) space for dynamic fluvial processes, and restoring the relation between river and floodplain. The aim is to (re)create and restore diverse wetland, floodplain and river habitats. This article focuses on the hydrological and ecological features of the River Yzer and describes the protection strategy for the river and its wetlands within the framework of integrated water management.

PL

Ijzer jest nizinną rzeką, która bierze początek w północnej Francji i uchodzi do Morza Północnego w zachodniej Flandrii (Belgia). Powierzchnia zlewni rzeki wynosi 1101 km². Rzeka została skanalizowana i obwałowana w swym dolnym biegu w celu umożliwienia żeglugi. W środkowym odcinku rzeka zachowała naturalną szeroką dolinę zalewową i wylewa kilka razy każdej zimy. Dolina zalewowa ma dużą wartość przyrodniczą i została wyznaczona jako siedlisko konwencji Ramsar i obszar szczególnej ochrony w ramach Dyrektywy Ptasiej UE. Z powody wysokich przepływów jakie miały miejsce w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu domy i gospodarstwa rolne były kilkakrotnie zagrożone. Opracowano zintegrowany projekt ochrony zabudowań przed powodzią i przywrócenia naturalnych walorów środowiska. Mając na względzie zintegrowaną gospodarkę wodną, Flamandzki Zarząd Dróg Wodnych i Spraw Morskich (AWZ) przykłada większą niż w przeszłości wagę do czynnej i biernej ochrony przyrody. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody opracował scenariusze rekultywacji dolin rzecznych Flandrii. W ramach wstępnie założonych uwarunkowań społecznych, ekonomicznych i ekologicznych sformułowano realistyczne cele restytucji i rozwoju środowiska przyrodniczego. Podstawową zasadą było rozwijanie zrównoważonego ekosystemu przez likwidowanie, na ile to możliwe, wszelkich ograniczeń, zapewnienie większej przestrzeni dla dynamicznych procesów fluwialnych i odtworzenie związków między rzeką a doliną zalewową. Celem było odtworzenie zróżnicowanych środowisk podmokłych, doliny zalewowej i siedlisk rzecznych. Artykuł jest poświęcony hydrologicznym i ekologicznym cechom rzeki Ijzer i opisuje strategię ochrony doliny rzeki i jej podmokłych obszarów w ramach zintegrowanej gospodarki wodnej.