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Awarie i uszkodzenia konstrukcji z wbudowanymi geosyntetykami w aspekcie błędów projektowych i wykonawczych. Cz. 2. Awarie i uszkodzenia składowisk, nasypów i obwałowań, murów oporowych, stromych skarp i budowli hydrotechnicznych.

Jermołowicz P.

Izolacje

2014

R. 19, nr 9

40--48

W drugiej części artykułu dotyczącego awarii i uszkodzeń nasypów drogowych, skarp i wykopów oraz zboczy naturalnych z wbudowanymi geosyntetykami opisano najczęściej występujące awarie i uszkodzenia tych konstrukcji. Zwrócono uwagę na najczęstszą przyczynę błędów, jaką jest bezkrytyczne przyjmowanie przez projektanta rozwiązań na podstawie dostępnej literatury lub własnych doświadczeń, bez wykonania obliczeń.

The second part of the article on failures and damage concerning road embankments, fill batter and excavations, as well as natural slopes with built-in geosynthetics, describes the most common failures and types of damage concerning these structures. It brings into focus the most frequent cause of errors, which is the designer indiscriminately applying certain solutions based on the available literature or their own experience, without making calculations.

Retrenching the Purse: The Balance Enquiry Quandary, and Generalised and (1, 1) Forward Refinements

Banach R., Jeske C., Poppleton M., Stepney S.

Fundamenta Informaticae

2007

Vol. 77, nr 1,2

29-69

Some of the success stories of model based refinement are recalled, as well as some of the annoyances that arise when refinement is deployed in the engineering of large systems. The way that retrenchment attempts to alleviate such inconveniences is briefly reviewed. The Mondex Electronic Purse formal development provides a highly credible testbed for examining how real world refinement difficulties can be treated via retrenchment. The contributions of retrenchment to integrating the real implementation with the formal development are surveyed, and the extraction of commonly occurring `retrenchment patterns' is recalled. One of the Mondex difficulties, the `Balance Enquiry Quandary' is treated in detail, and the way that retrenchment is able to account for the system behaviour is explained. The problem is reconsidered using generalised forward refinement, and the simplicity of the resolution of the quandary, both by retrenchment, and by generalised forward refinement, inspires the creation of a genuine (1,1) forward refinement for Mondex, something long thought impossible. The forward treatment exhibits a similar balance enquiry quandary to the backward refinement, as it must, given that both are refinements of an atomic action to a non-atomic protocol, and the forward quandary is dealt with as easily by retrenchment as is the backward case. The simplicity of the retrenchment treatment foreshadows a general purpose retrenchment Atomicity Pattern for dealing with atomic-versus-finegrained situations.