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Using a UAV to Assess Air Pollution and Identify Dominant Emission Sources

Żeliński Jacek, Bigda Rafał, Kucbel Marek, Raclavská Helena, Šafář Michal, Švédová Barbora, Raclavský Konstantin, Juchelková Dagmara, Růžičková Jana, Telenga-Kopyczyńska Jolanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2022

Vol. 23, nr 12

134--144

Central Europe is the region with the highest concentration of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) in outdoor air. Weather conditions combined with a high industrialization of regions laying along the Czech Republic and Poland border influence the formation of long smog episodes with PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere at the value of several hundred micrograms in a cubic meter. However, it has been observed that the main source of particulates pollution in the area of the Polish-Czech border between the most populated areas of Ostrava and Katowice is the residential heating fired with solid fuels, participating at the level of not less than 21% in overall air contamination with dusts. It particularly concerns PM10, which is one of the major harmful air pollutants produced by the combustion of solid fuels such as biomass and coal. The measures leading to decrease the dust emission from coal burned individual heat sources include methods to eliminate old-type boilers not permitted by the law, as well as illegal incineration of fuels of bad quality or including admixture of wastes. It requires a new approach for effective identification of such sources, as well as for recognition of pollutants leaving household emitters and evaluation of their share in overall effect on human health. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with miniaturized sensors detecting gaseous and dust particles at the outlet of an individual emitter can compensate the lack of information unable to be obtain using traditional measurements. The use of UAVs to identify specific sources of air pollution is still at an early stage of development and there are not too many scientific publications on this topic so far. Despite it, this technology seems to be usable to create undemanding, low-cost and effective method of air pollution sources assessment. In the current article, some aspects of using UAVs for identification of especially troublesome emission sources located on residential areas are presented, including finding the dominant emission source, determining the optimal distance between a UAV and the emission source or the influence of the UAV altitude, movement and sampling time on measurement result.

Niskoemisyjne paliwo węglowe dla ogrzewnictwa komunalnego

Stelmach S., Matuszek K.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

2018

Nr 10

354--358

Na jakość powietrza w Polsce najbardziej niekorzystnie wpływa nieustanne wykorzystywanie pieców i kotłów małej mocy o przestarzałych konstrukcjach i złym stanie technicznym, przede wszystkim z ręcznym załadunkiem paliwa. Jedyną metodą zapewniającą natychmiastowe zmniejszenie emisji z takich urządzeń może być zastosowanie w nich paliw niskoemisyjnych. Jeśli w procesie wstępnego przygotowania paliwa usunie się z niego (w sposób kontrolowany, w odpowiednio przygotowanych instalacjach) pewną ilość części lotnych, nie zostaną one wyemitowane jako zanieczyszczenia podczas spalania w urządzeniach grzewczych. W referacie zaprezentowano wyniki dużego programu badawczego mającego na celu ocenę możliwości zmniejszenia emisji szkodliwych zanieczyszczeń do powietrza dzięki wprowadzeniu do użytkowania niskoemisyjnego paliwa węglowego (błękitnego węgla). Błękitny węgiel charakteryzuje się zawartością popiołu poniżej 10%, zawartością części lotnych w przedziale 4÷8%, niską zawartością siarki (<0,5%) oraz wysoką wartością opałową - >27 M J/kg. Jego spalanie w urządzeniach grzewczych o przestarzałych konstrukcjach gwarantuje od kilku do kilkudziesięciu razy mniejsze emisje zanieczyszczeń niż w przypadku stosowania innych paliw stałych (węgli i biomasy).

The quality of air in Poland is most adversely affected by the continuous use of small-scale furnaces and boilers with obsolete constructions and poor technical condition, primarily with manual fuel loading. The only method that ensures immediate reduction of harmful emissions from such devices may be the use of smokeless carbonaceous fuels. If in the process of initial fuel preparation, a certain amount of volatiles is removed from it (in a controlled manner, in properly prepared installations), dangerous compounds will not be emitted during combustion in above mentioned heating devices. The paper presents the results of a large research program aimed at assessing the possibility of reducing the emission of harmful pollutants into the air through the introduction to the market of smokeless carbonaceous fuel (blue coal). Blue coal is characterized by ash content below 10%, volatile content in the range of 4÷8%, low sulfur content (<0.5%) and high calorific value - >27 MJ/kg. Its combustion in heating devices with outdated constructions guarantees from several to several dozen times less emissions of pollutants than in the case of using other solid fuels (coals and biomass).