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1

Regeneration as a method of protection and preservation of architectural-urban heritage on the example of historical seventeenth and eighteenth-century cities of Western Ukraine

Lukomska Zoryana, Lukomska Halyna

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2022

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Nr 70

7--16

EN

This paper discusses the valuable historical urban planning structures of Western Ukraine, which arose in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were residence cities. At present, valuable castle, castle-palace, palace-residential, religious, landscape complexes of the mentioned period often play the role of dominants in the historical cities of Western Ukraine, but the state of preservation of these elements is often unsatisfactory and they need protection and preservation. Most of these structures are more or less significantly damaged, while others were destroyed and are in need of complete regeneration. This study offers a solution to preserving the structures of urban heritage from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries via measures aimed at regenerating the historic environment of valuable urban structures. The paper examines the historical-architectural development of historical cities (Mykulyntsi, Stanislaviv, Lyashky Murovani). On the example of these cities, we proposed four levels of the implementation of a complex of measures aimed at the regeneration of valuable urban structures.

PL

W artykule omówiono cenne historycznie obiekty urbanistyczne Ukrainy Zachodniej, które powstały w XVII–XVIII wieku i były miastami-rezydencjami. Dziś rolę dominant w miastach często odgrywają cenne zespoły zamkowe, zamkowo-pałacowe, pałacowo-rezydencjonalne, sakralne czy krajobrazowe z tego okresu, jednak stan zachowania tych elementów jest często niezadowalający i wymaga ochrony oraz konserwacji. Większość obiektów nosi ślady większych lub większych szkód, a niektóre są całkowicie zniszczone i wymagają pełnej regeneracji. W pracy zaproponowano rozwiązanie problemu zachowania obiektów dziedzictwa urbanistycznego z XVII–XVIII wieku poprzez opracowanie zestawu działań mających na celu rewitalizację środowiska historycznego cennych zabytków miejskich. Szczegółowo omówiono architektoniczny rozwój ośrodków historycznych (Mykułynci, Stanisławów, Laszki Murowane). Na przykładzie wymienionych miast zaproponowano cztery poziomy realizacji zestawu działań mających na celu rewitalizację cennych obiektów miejskich.

2

Reproduction of Human Capital as a Strategic Priority for Sustainable Development of Regions

Krasnonosova Olena, Mykhailenko Daria, Yaroshenko Ihor

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 1

293--300

EN

The main wealth of the country, its main strategic resource that can ensure political, economic, environmental, and spiritual growth, is human capital. Its intellectual, entrepreneurial, and productive potential, the ability to create and accumulate knowledge, implement it in the production of goods and services, develop unique technologies, invent new types of energy, materials, information, etc., is the engine of scientific and technological progress and innovative restructuring of the economy. Investment in human capital, in intelligence, in the health of the nation, in education and science, and in creating conditions for the normal functioning of everyone is a prerequisite not only for improving the quality of life of the people, but also for achieving the Millennium Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, advancing the country’s development, and its social and political stability. The research is aimed at developing theoretical, methodological, and practical provisions for the formation of strategic priorities for sustainable development of territories based on the reproduction of human capital. The theoretical basis was the available scientific works, certain provisions of normative legal acts, international framework documents, in particular from United Nations: Agenda 21 and the report Our Common Future, as well as local studies. The generalization of various scientific points of view regarding the category of human capital allowed us to establish that it is an integral part of its carrier, and therefore, it is proposed to understand as such a set of personal qualities of a person formed, developed, accumulated and preserved as a result of investments in productive abilities, personal qualities and motivational behavior of an individual, as well as the ability to develop and accumulate the necessary qualities that are in his property, which he uses in economic activities and which provides him with a corresponding income. The article substantiates the value of the category human capital for sustainable development. The territorial features of the reproduction of human capital are determined, based on which it is proposed to consider the region as space. It is proved that the reproduction of human capital occurs in the relationship and interdependence with the general periods of the life cycle of the generation, which served to distinguish the four phases of the reproduction of human capital. The architectonics of determining the strategic priorities of sustainable development of territories based on the reproduction of human capital, which is aimed at solving theoretical, methodological, and applied problems, is proposed.

PL

Głównym bogactwem kraju, jego głównym zasobem strategicznym, który może zapewnić rozwój polityczny, gospodarczy, środowiskowy i duchowy, jest kapitał ludzki. Jego potencjał intelektualny, przedsiębiorczy i produkcyjny, zdolność do tworzenia i gromadzenia wiedzy, wdrażania jej w produkcji towarów i usług, rozwijania unikalnych technologii, wynajdywania nowych rodzajów energii, materiałów, informacji itp. jest motorem postępu naukowo-technicznego i innowacyjności restrukturyzacji gospodarki. Inwestowanie w kapitał ludzki, w inteligencję, w zdrowie narodu, w edukację i naukę oraz w tworzenie warunków do normalnego funkcjonowania wszystkich jest warunkiem nie tylko poprawy jakości życia ludzi, ale także osiągnięcia Celów Milenijnych i Celów zrównoważonego rozwoju, w celu rozwoju kraju oraz wzrostu jego stabilności społecznej i politycznej. Badania mają na celu wypracowanie teoretycznych, metodologicznych i praktycznych zapisów dla kształtowania strategicznych priorytetów zrównoważonego rozwoju terytoriów w oparciu o wzrost kapitału ludzkiego. Podstawą teoretyczną były dostępne opracowania naukowe, niektóre zapisy normatywnych aktów prawnych, międzynarodowe dokumenty ramowe, w szczególności ONZ: Agenda 21 i raport Nasza Wspólna Przyszłość, a także opracowania lokalne. Uogólnienie różnych naukowych punktów widzenia w odniesieniu do kategorii kapitału ludzkiego pozwoliło ustalić, że jest on integralną częścią jego nosiciela, a zatem proponuje się rozumieć jako taki zespół cech osobowych ukształtowanej osoby, rozwijane, gromadzone i utrwalane w wyniku inwestycji w zdolności produkcyjne, cechy osobiste i zachowania motywacyjne jednostki, a także zdolność do rozwijania i gromadzenia niezbędnych cech znajdujących się w jej własności, którą wykorzystuje w działalności gospodarczej oraz co zapewnia mu odpowiedni dochód. Artykuł uzasadnia wartość kategorii kapitału ludzkiego dla zrównoważonego rozwoju. Określane są terytorialne cechy reprodukcji kapitału ludzkiego, na podstawie których proponuje się traktować region jako przestrzeń. Udowodniono, że reprodukcja kapitału ludzkiego zachodzi w relacji i współzależności z ogólnymi okresami cyklu życia pokolenia, co posłużyło do wyodrębnienia czterech faz reprodukcji kapitału ludzkiego. Zaproponowano architektonikę wyznaczania strategicznych priorytetów zrównoważonego rozwoju terytoriów w oparciu o reprodukcję kapitału ludzkiego, która ma na celu rozwiązywanie problemów teoretycznych, metodologicznych i aplikacyjnych.

3

Biology of the thornback ray (Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758) in the North Aegean Sea

Cabbar Koray, Yiğin Cahide Çiğdem

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 2

115--127

EN

The study deals with aspects of the population dynamics in the thornback ray (Raja clavata L., 1758), one of the most abundant cartilaginous fish caught in the North Aegean Sea. Females accounted for 73.08% and males 26.92% of all individuals. Total length of females and males ranged between 50.2 and 89.9 cm (disc width: 33.4–62.0 cm), and between 43.1 cm and 82.7 cm (disc width: 30.7–64.2 cm), respectively. Relationships between total length (TL) and total weight (TW), and between disc width (DW) and total weight (TW) were described by the equations: TW = 0.0041 TL3.10 and TW = 0.0178 DW3.03, respectively. Age data derived from vertebrae readings were used to estimate growth parameters using the von Bertalanffy function: L∞ = 101.71 cm, K = 0.18 y−1, t0 = −0.07 y for males and L∞ = 106.54 cm, K = 0.16 y−1, t0 = −0.28 y for females. The maximum age was 8 years for males and females. Total length at first maturity of males and females was 70.9 cm and 81.2 cm, respectively. Based on the gonadosomatic index and gonadal macroscopic observations, it was determined that the spawning period lasted throughout the year. Stomach content analysis showed that crustaceans (53.03% IRI) and teleosts (14.70% IRI) were the most preferred prey.

4

Effects of 432 Hz and 440 Hz Sound Frequencies on the Heart Rate, Egg Number and Survival Parameters in Water Flea (Daphnia magna)

Yağcılar Çetin, Yardımcı Mehmet

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

119--125

EN

The noise pollution caused by anthropogenic activities in the aquatic environment negatively affects aquatic organisms like mammals, fish, crustaceans, and even plankton, which are important for the aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted to examine the effect of lethal and sub-lethal effects of high-frequency sound exposure on Daphnia magna aiming to obtain more detailed scientific information. For this purpose, a total of 150 gynandromorphic daphnids were randomly selected, sorted equally into 440 Hz, 432 Hz, and control groups, and high-frequency sounds were applied in aquatic conditions. During the 35-day trial period, the heartbeats, and egg numbers were counted whereas the survival rates were recorded. The results showed that the high-frequency sound exposure immediately showed its detrimental effect on heartbeats after a short adaptation period in the 440 Hz group and the average values decreased to half of the normal values. In the 432 Hz group, heartbeats first increased, and this level was maintained for a while, but then a significant decrease was observed. Regarding the egg numbers, an increasing trend was observed in the 432 Hz group until the 5th measurement period which resulted in a sharp decrease. In the 440 Hz group, lower values with almost no increase were recorded, except for the first measurement period, but no eggs were found in the 55th measurement. Interestingly, while no death was noted during the measurement periods, no living daphnia was observed in the 440 Hz group within 2 weeks during the non-measurement period. As a result, it was understood that Daphnia perceives the vibrations produced by high-frequency sound in the aquatic environment as a stressor and cannot cope with its detrimental effects after a certain time depending on intensity and duration. While the 440 Hz frequency noise caused infertility, the 432 Hz frequency noise resulted in lower egg numbers and heartbeats.

5

Wpływ narażenia zawodowego na rozpuszczalniki organiczne oraz metale i ich związki na rozrodczość

Miranowicz-Dzierżawska Katarzyna

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2020

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nr 10

13-17

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd danych literaturowych, które obrazują skutki narażenia zawodowego na wybrane metale oraz rozpuszczalniki organicznego pochodzenia. Zarówno prezentowane w tekście ołów, rtęć i kadm, jak i opisywane rozpuszczalniki to substancje, które występują wciąż często w środowisku pracy, zwłaszcza w przemyśle, chociażby w branżach: recyklingowej, kosmetycznej, tekstylnej czy elektronicznej, żeby wymienić tylko kilka przykładów. Narażenie zawodowe na obie te grupy związków chemicznych, które przekracza wartości referencyjne, wywołuje poważne skutki zdrowotne – m.in. w odniesieniu do płodności i rozrodczości, ale i takie, które mogą się ujawnić dopiero po wielu latach.

EN

The article presents an overview of literature-based data which paint the picture of the results of occupational exposure to selected metals and organic solvents. Both presented in the article lead, mercury and cadmium, and the mentioned solvents are substances that can often frequent work environment, especially in industrial domain, i.e. in branches such as: recycling, cosmetics, textile or electronics, to name just a few. Occupational exposure to these two groups of chemical compounds, which exceeds reference values, leads to serious adverse health effects - even if only in relation to reproduction and fertility, however also the ones that may reveal themselves years after the fact.

6

Analiza dokładności odwzorowania modeli CAD części polimerowych wytwarzanych z zastosowaniem reprezentatywnych technik addytywnych w procesie produkcji w konwencji Przemysł 4.0

Cader Maciej, Zaborniak Małgorzata, Stączek Michał

Polimery

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2019

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T. 64, nr 6

436--441

PL

Przedstawiono metodykę oraz wyniki oceny jakości części maszyn wytworzonych bezpośrednio z modelu numerycznego CAD 3D. Analizowano właściwości części otrzymanych za pomocą reprezentatywnych technik addytywnych opartych na przetwarzaniu polimerów oraz światłoczułych żywic. Cały proces wytwarzania części prowadzono zgodnie z konwencją Przemysł 4.0. Ocena dokładności odtwarzania modeli numerycznych CAD obejmowała zarówno jakość powierzchni zewnętrznych i objętość wytworzonych części, jak i stopień odwzorowania wymiarów.

EN

This paper presents the methodology and quality assessment results for machine parts produced directly from CAD 3D numerical model. The parts were produced using representative additive manufacturing technologies based on polymers and UV light-cured resins processing and their properties were analyzed. The whole process was conducted according to Industry 4.0 convention. The assessment of the reproduction accuracy of CAD 3D models covered the quality of external surfaces, volume of manufactured parts as well as dimension accuracy.

7

Reproductive biology of the black-striped pipefish Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827 (Pisces: Syngnathidae) in the Aegean Sea of Turkey

Taylan B., Tatarhan G. E., Aksoy O., Culha M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 1

67--74

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the reproductive biology of Syngnathus abaster – a species distributed in Çandarli Bay. For this purpose, seine nets were collected from a depth of 0.5–2 m in 15 minute periods between April 2013 and March 2014, and a total of 185 individuals were sampled. It has been determined that 94 individuals (50.81%) were females, 79 were males (42.70%) and 12 were immature (6.49%). The sex ratio was 1:0.84. The average length values in female, male and immature individuals were 111.5 ± 7.35, 109.9 ± 11.08 and 79.8 ± 5.30 mm, respectively. The maximum mean surface water temperature is in spring and summer seasons. When Gonadosomatic Index (GSI%) values were examined, the spawning period of the species was indicated as spring and summer. Three groups of species were identified as maturing (diameter: 0.61–1.20 mm), mature (diameter: 1.21–1.70 mm) and hydrated oocytes (diameter: 1.71–2.10 mm) in ovaries of female individuals. The number of eggs in the brood pouch of pregnant male fishes was on average 48 (mean ± SD = 48 ± 14.09 eggs, range: 23–78 eggs). The hydrated oocyte/total length relationship was: y = 0.8651x – 84.332 (n = 14, r2 = 0.64) and the number of eggs/total length relationship in the brood pouch of pregnant males was: y = 1.0168x – 67.715 (n = 33, r2=0.58).

8

Reproduction of Potamothrix hammoniensis (Oligochaeta) in shallow eutrophic lakes

Żbikowski J., Mimier D., Żbikowska E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 2

181--189

EN

The aim of the study was to indicate the abiotic parameters of water and bottom sediments, which significantly affect the reproduction of Potamothrix hammoniensis in 9 shallow eutrophic lakes, of which 5 were dominated by macrophytes and 4 – by phytoplankton. Samples were collected once a month from January to December 2012. The percentage of Potamothrix hammoniensis individuals with a developed reproductive system varied in individual lakes and ranged from 14 to 72%. There was no correlation between the distinguished lake types and the proportion of sexually mature individuals. The reproductive activity was not observed in summer and early autumn. Among the measured parameters, the highest values of the Pearson correlation coefficient were found between the percentage of individuals with a developed reproductive system and the conductivity (r = 0.69; p < 0.001), pH (r = 0.51; p = 0.002) and the organic matter content in the sediments (r = −0.42; p = 0.012). It is worth noting that there was no correlation between the percentage of sexually mature specimens and the water temperature (r = −0.22, p = 0.204) and the oxygen concentration (r = −0.08; p = 0.648).

9

Problemy budowania wykwalifikowanego potencjału ludzkiego

Čerep A. V.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 108

75--84

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę określenia czynników, które wpływają na budowanie wykwalifikowanego potencjału ludzkiego Ukrainy w kontekście dostosowania go do warunków gospodarki konkurencyjnej. Najważniejszy składnik budowy zasobów kapitału ludzkiego stanowi wielkość populacji, która zarówno pozytywnie jak i negatywnie wpływa na rozwój potencjału społecznego. Wielkość populacji kształtują zmiany demograficzne takie jak: zmiany w rozmnażaniu się populacji, urodzenia, zgony, ich korelacje, jak również częściowo problemy migracyjne. Na budowanie wykwalifikowanego potencjału ludzkiego państwa wpływają także przedsięwzięcia mające na celu jego rozwój.

EN

Factors influencing on skilled potential of Ukraine in the cut of of competition ability of economy are investigational. The major constituent of skilled potential is considered - resource through the prism of population. Factors are certain, positively and negatively influencing on development of labour potential of Ukraine. Demographic changes, changes, are studied in character of reproduction of population, birth - rate, death rate, their correlation, and also partly migration. Measures are offered influencing on development of skilled potential of Ukraine.

10

Multigenerational and Transgenerational Side-Effects of an Insecticide on Eggs of Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Szabó B., Bakonyi G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 1

110--121

EN

Environmental toxicants such as insecticides are able to provoke epigenetic alterations which can be inherited to future generations. The aim of the current study was to assess whether the insecticide Trebon 10F (containing the active ingredient etofenprox) causes multigenerational and/or transgenerational effects on the egg traits of the collembolan Folsomia candida. The parent generation was kept in soil treated with three concentrations of the insecticide. The hatched offspring from each treatment were divided into two groups and were treated in the same manner as their parents (multigenerational effect), or remained untreated (transgenerational effect). The parents reacted with smaller eggs to the insecticide in a concentration dependent manner. Both multigenerational and transgenerational effects were detected in the offspring generations. While neither the number of eggs nor the ratios of the egg diameters (shortest/longest diameter) changed, the egg size increased as the Trebon 10F concentration increased. This is an indication that parents living under insecticide stress transmit this information to their offspring, who react with higher quality egg production. Such alterations in egg traits may have important consequences on the F. candida population dynamic.

11

Spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) on its way to the open coastal waters of the Baltic Sea

Szaniawska A., Dobrzycka-Krahel A., Jaszczołt J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 4

451--463

EN

The aim of this work was to assess the adaptive capabilities of the spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) in the open coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. The results could help to predict the likely further expansion of this species and its colonization of brackish waters. The following aspects were discussed in the paper: the occurrence of the species in the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, the plasticity demonstrated in the body size of individual crayfishes, food preferences, hemolymph osmolality and reproduction in waters of different salinities, which enable the species to colonize brackish waters. In the Vistula Lagoon (salinity 2-3 PSU), where the population of O. limosus is stable, the length of individuals ranged from 77 to 118 mm. These crayfish mostly fed on fodder; the second and the third food preferences were crayfish abdominal muscle and green algae. O. limosus is a hyper-regulator in freshwaters and at low salinities (up to 13 PSU), and a hyporegulator at higher salinities (14, 21, 28, 35 PSU). Laboratory studies showed that the embryonic development of O. limosus at salinities of 3 and 7 PSU was normal and a high level of reproductive success was achieved. Salinity of 3 PSU is more favorable for the development of juveniles than 7 PSU. It seems to be just a matter of time before this crayfish starts to form populations in the brackish, coastal waters of the Baltic Sea.

12

Biotechnological interventions into human nature with emphasis on sexuality (a bioethical view)

Kovaľová D.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2015

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z. 84

113--122

EN

In this article the author focuses on the biotechnological interference (its accompanying tendencies) to the human naturę, specifically human sexuality in the view of bioethics. The author outlines, analyses and evaluates practical and possible ethical problems, which are caused in this field by our selected biotechnologies.

PL

Autorka koncentruje się na biotechnologicznych zakłóceniach (i towarzyszących im tendencjach) ludzkiej natury, w szczególności ludzkiej seksualności z punktu widzenia bioetyki. Autorka nakreśla, analizuje i ocenia praktyczne i prawdopodobne problemy etyczne, które są na tym polu spowodowane przez wybrane biotechnologie.

13

Modification in the nest guarding strategy - one of the reasons of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) invasion success in the Gulf of Gdańsk?

Sapota M.R., Balazy P., Mirny Z.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 1

21--28

EN

The round goby was noted for the first time in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1990. After a few years, the round goby had invaded all suitable areas in the west part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Generally, the sandy bottom was the factor that do not prevent the fish invasion. The effectiveness of reproduction is one of the most important factors in deciding the success of an introduction into a new area. The round goby needs a hard bottom for egg laying and subsequent embryo development in nests guarded by males. We observed the round goby nests in the Gulf of Gdańsk during three subsequent years. Distances between nests, nest size, number of eggs per nest, and depth of nest locations were investigated by underwater survey, from May till September, throughout the round goby spawning season. Our investigation led us to confirm that any solid elements on the bottom may be utilized as nest substrate when nesting areas are limited. Distances between nests decrease noticeably in comparison with native round goby areas. Taking into account these findings, we conclude that shallow water areas, of almost any type of bottom, might be invaded by the round goby.

14

Gonad maturity in female Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis from the southern Baltic Sea : the first description of ovigerous females and the embryo developmental stage

Wójcik D., Normant M.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (4)

779--789

EN

This paper describes for the first time the gonad maturity stage of Eriocheir sinensis females (carapace width 55.20-78.10 mm) collected in the autumns and winters of 2005–2012 in the Gulf of Gdańsk and Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea). Seventeen females had gonads in the penultimate stage, which indicates that spawning would shortly take place. Four other females had gonads in the last stage, which means they were already carrying eggs. These accounted, on average, for 17.9± 2.9% of female weight and were in the 3rd and 4th embryo developmental stage. The results show that the low salinity of southern Baltic Sea (≤7 PSU) permits mating and fertilization as well as embryo development in E. sinensis. It is still not clear, whether such a salinity level will enable hatching and the complete larval cycle.

15

Stopień zrównoważenia gospodarstw mlecznych w aspekcie oceny ekologicznej

Malaga-Toboła U., Łapka M.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2013

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R. 17, nr 3, t. 1

213--222

PL

Rolnictwo zrównoważone można oceniać za pomocą miernika ekologicznego, społecznego i ekonomicznego. W pracy dokonano oceny ekologicznej stopnia zrównoważenia gospodarstw, wykorzystując do tego celu wskaźnik bilansu odnawialności substancji organicznej. Scharakteryzowano również organizację produkcji w gospodarstwach będących przedmiotem badań. Analizą objęto 15 gospodarstw rolnych z woj. śląskiego, specjalizujących się w produkcji mleka. Wybrane obiekty spełniały cechy gospodarstw zrównoważonych, dotyczące m.in. struktury użytkowania ziemi i zasiewów oraz obsady inwentarza żywego. Badania przeprowadzono w formie wywiadu kierowanego z właścicielami gospodarstw. Dane dotyczyły roku 2012. W celu analizy porównawczej obiekty podzielono na grupy, przyjmując za kryterium podziału powierzchnię użytków rolnych. Wyróżniono zatem 3 grupy: I o powierzchni do 20,00 ha, II – od 20,01 do 50,00 ha i III o areale większym niż 50,00 ha użytków rolnych. We wszystkich grupach odnotowano nadmiar składników NPK, a wskaźnik odnawialności substancji organicznej, mieszczący się w dopuszczalnych granicach, wystąpił tylko w gospodarstwach najmniejszych obszarowo.

EN

Sustained farming may be assessed with the use of ecological, social and economic measure. Ecological assessment of the sustainability degree of farms was carried out with the use of sustainability of organic matter balance. Moreover, production organization in the researched farms was described. The analysis covered 15 farms of Śląskie voivodeship, which specialize in milk production. The selected facilities have the features of sustained farms concerning inter alia, the structure of the land use and sowing as well as livestock. The research was carried out in the form of a guided survey with farm owners. Data concerned 2012. In order to carry out comparative analysis, the facilities were divided into groups, assuming area of agricultural land as a division criterion. Therefore, 3 groups we distinguished: I of area up to 20.00 ha, II - from 20.01 to 50.00 ha and III of the acreage exceeding 50.00 ha of agricultural land. In all groups, excess of NPK components was reported and the index of sustainability of organic matter within the limits, occurred only in the smallest farms.

16

Genetic diversity of populations of Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. : expansive grass in a fragmented landscape

Bąba W., Kurowska M., Kompała-Bąba A., Wilczek A., Długosz J., Szarejko I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

31-40

EN

Brachypodium pinnatum belongs to native grasses which could dramatically decrease the biodiversity of calcareous grasslands, therefore, an examination of the mechanisms of its expansion is of prime importance for their conservation. We studied the genetic structure of 12 subpopulations of the expansive grass B. pinnatum in a heterogeneous landscape with AFLP markers, aiming at determination whether spatial isolation influences the genetic diversity and the population genetic structure of this species. A high level of overall (79%) and within population polymorphic loci (38.44%) were found and 220 different genotypes were distinguished among the 252 samples analysed. No significant population structure nor isolation-bydistance were found, despite their long-time fragmentation history. This confirms that isolation of calcareous grasslands in a landscape cannot prevent the expansion of B. pinnatum grasses because of the high generative dispersal ability. Subsequent quick and extensive clonal growth of this species enables the successful establishment. In most cases mowing or grazing is sufficient to keep this species at a low density within ancient grasslands and to prevent seed and pollen dispersal, but not for restoration of species-rich calcareous grasslands.

17

Biological property poly(ε- caprolactone) as potential material for reproduction devices

Wieczorek R., Stodolak-Zych E., Kosenyuk Y.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2012

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Vol. 15, no. 116-117 spec. iss.

140

EN

The main limitation of embryos transfer is the lack of catheters for their obtaining and transferring which would have desirable and confirmed biological properties ensuring high bioconcordance and low toxicity. Catheters used routinely for embryos obtaining and transfer are tools used for insemination, urology and other medical purposes, but their bioconcordance with embryos was never confirmed. For these reasons in our studies we attempted to develop the modern set of catheters designed for the contact with embryos, based on the biomaterial characterized by good biological and mechanical properties such as with optimal resilience and elastic properties, and capable to be free shaped in the form of a tube of 1-2 mm diameter. The material which hypothetically fulfills biological requirements and at the same time gives possibility of free shaping is resorbable polymer used for the long time in many fields of medicine is poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Because of its biological and physical properties it was taken into consideration to use this biomaterial for in vitro embryos culture and for cryoconservation. The aim of the study was verification of biological properties of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the material dedicated to biotechnology of animal reproduction and gynecology and evaluation of possibility of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) application as a potential material for production of medical devices, as catheters for obtaining and transporting of embryos as well as dishes for embryos culture in vitro and covers for cryoconservation. The possible application of this biomaterial needs verification of its biological properties on embryos culture. The foil discs made of the polycaprolactone, thickness 0.5 mm, diameter 3.5 mm, were prepared in two forms: the reference one (nPCL) and thermally modified by freezing in liquid nitrogen (mPCL). The verification of PCL bioconcordance was performed by evaluation of 102 pig embryos at the development stage of 2 to 4 blastomers. To evaluate poly-ε-caprolactone bioconcordance 5-day long culture of the embryos was performed on the evaluating material, not frozen (nPCL) and frozen in liquid nitrogen (mPCL) and additionally culture after short contact with poly-ε-caprolactone lasting 15 minutes (nPCL-15). In all evaluated study groups the development of embryos was suppressed shortly after transfer to the culture with PCL. In the control group 74-78% of the embryos reached blastocyst stage. Because of cytotoxic influence of polycaprolacton on embryos it cannot be used as the material for catheter production used in biotechnology of animal reproduction and other materials used for in vitro culture and cryoconservation.

18

Herbicide Toxicity to the California Earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. and Dendrobaena veneta Rosa

Jarmuł-Pietraszczyk J., Jastrzębska E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2012

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Vol. 19, nr 9

1133-1137

EN

This paper aims at estimating influence of selected herbicides on earthworms Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta survival abilities in toxic environment and on their reproduction cycle. Parameters taken into account: – changes in fatality rate after applying toxins compared with the control, – number of laid cocoons and hatchings, – lethal concentration (LC50). Herbicides containing the following active substances: urea, aminophosphonic and phenoxyacid were chosen, as chemical material. Earthworm responded differently to every herbicide. Significant decrease in body weight under the influence of linuron and decrease of the hatching rate under the influence of gliphosate and phenoxyacids.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie toksycznego wpływu wybranych środków ochrony roślin na dżdżownice E. fetida i D. veneta na ich zdolność do przeżywania w środowisku oraz reprodukcję. Pod uwagę wzięto takie parametry, jak: - zmiany w liczebności po zastosowaniu środka chemicznego w porównaniu z kontrolą, - liczba składanych kokonów i wylęg, - średnie stężenie śmiertelne (LC50). Jako materiał chemiczny wybrano herbicydy zawierające substancje czynne z grupy: mocznikowej, aminofosfonianowej i fenoksykwasów. Reakcja dżdżownic na zastosowane herbicydu była różna. Zaobserwowano znaczne zmniejszenie masy ciała pod wpływem linuronu oraz spadek liczby wylęgających się osobników pod wpływem glifosatu i związków z grupy fenoksykwasów.

19

Diagnostyka analogowych układów scalonych metodą monitorowania prądu zasilania w ewolucyjnie dobranych punktach pomiarowych

Golonek T., Grzechca D., Rutkowski J.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 9

17-20

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano ewolucyjną metodę optymalizacji zestawu punktów pomiarowych, stosowanych do diagnostycznej identyfikacji stanu analogowego układu scalonego. Z uwagi na ograniczony dostęp do struktury układu, diagnoza jest ustalana poprzez monitorowanie statycznego poziomu prądu zasilania, tj. metodą testowania IDDQ. Dodatkowo, w celu poprawy obserwowalności diagnostycznej, pomiar prądu zasilania układu scalonego jest wykonywany dla różnych wartości napięć: zasilania VDD i pobudzenia VIN. Podczas optymalizacji ewolucyjnej, ustalany jest minimalny zbiór kombinacji wartości napięć, który zapewni najlepszą możliwą separację stanów identyfikowanych. Wprowadzenie marginesu niejednoznaczności zapewnia odporność metody na rozrzut tolerancyjny parametrów analogowej struktury scalonej oraz na inne praktyczne ograniczenia dokładności i powtarzalności punktów pomiarowych.

EN

An evolutionary method for optimal analog test poins determination is described in this paper. Due to limited access to internal nodes of analog integrated circuits, the power supply current monitoring is selected for fault identification (IDDQ aproach). Additionally, for fault coverage improvement, the current is measured for different values of voltages for: power supply VDq and stimulus VDD. The minimal set of test points is determined evolutionarily and it gives the best possible isolation for identified circuit states with minimal time of testing. The use of ambiguity sets assures the resistance of the approach for tolerance dispertion of analog circuit parameters and for limitation of accuracy and repeatibility of test point.

20

Reproduction and behavior of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson) under predation risk: a field experiment

Yang Shengmei, Yin Baofa, Cao Yifan, Zhang Yanming, Wang Jinlong, Wei Wanhong

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 1

127-138

EN

The mixture of the feces and urine of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus) was used to increase the perception of predation risk of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson) in the field. The influence of the predation risk on the reproduction and behavior of plateau pikas was examined through comparing reproductive characteristics and five different kinds of behavior between treatment and control plots. The results showed that 1) the body weight of the pikas was not significantly different between treatment and control plots. 2) The reproductive period of the pikas extended from March to later August in both treatment and control plots. The pregnant ratio, developed testes ratio, reproductive success and sex ratio of the pikas were not significantly different between the treatment and control plots. 3) The pikas increased their observing and calling frequencies and decreased their moving and feeding frequencies when exposed to red fox's feces and urine. 4) The increased red foxs feces and urine had no influence on the behavior of the pikas when the number of their natural enemies increased; the pikas obviously increased the observing frequencies and sharply decreased the calling frequency so as to decrease the direct predation risk. 5) There were no significantly behavioral differences between males and females as well as between adults and young. 6) The results reject the hypothesis l that the red fox's feces and urine as indirect predation risk suppresses the reproduction of the pikas and support the hypothesis 2 that the pikas can make decision by changing behavior to avoid the predation risk they encountered whenever.