Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

The Influence of the Casting Process on Shaping the Primary Structure of Mg-Li Alloys

Bednarczyk Iwona

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

137--144

EN

This paper presents the results of a study to determine the influence of casting parameters (cooling rate in the casting mould, casting temperature) on the primary structure of Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy ingots. The macro- and microstructure analysis of the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was performed using light and electron microscopy techniques. Microhardness measurements were made for the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy and phase identification in the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was made using X-ray phase analysis.

2

Metallurgical analysis of the causes of failure of the hardening furnace conveyor belt

Merda A., Klimaszewska K., Sroka M., Golański G.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 98, nr 2

68--73

EN

Purpose: The aim of the tests was to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of a section of the hardening furnace conveyor belt serviced at the temperature of 880-920°C in the carburizing atmosphere, in the context of determining the probable causes of its failure. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of performed tests included: chemical composition analysis of the steel and particles, microstructure investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis. Findings: The analysis of the chemical composition showed that the examined material was austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310). Performed metallurgical tests showed that after the service the examined steel was characterized by austenitic structure with numerous precipitates of diverse morphology. In the structure the sigma phase particles and probably the M23C6 carbides precipitates were observed. The continuous grid of precipitates on the boundaries of grains (mainly the sigma phase) and the influence of the cyclic changing heat loads (or thermo-mechanical loads) were the main causes of failure of the analysed detail. Research limitations/implications: The aim of the work was to determine the probable causes of damage of the material used for a conveyor belt of a hardening furnace. Practical implications: The results of investigation and analysis of the metallographic of het-resisting austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310) after service at the temperature of 880-920°C are presented. Originality/value: The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the section of hardening furnace conveyor belt made of creepresisting austenitic steel. The aim of the performed tests was to determine the probable causes of damage of the analysed detail.

3

X-Ray Phase Analysis of Nitrided Layers of X2CrNiMo17-12-2 Austenitic Steel

Frączek T., Olejnik M., Pilarska M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

2005--2012

EN

This work presents the results of diffraction analyses carried out using X-ray phase analyses (XRD and GIXRD) of nitrided layers of X2CrNiMo17-12-2 austenitic steel. Plasma nitriding process was c arried out in the temperature range of 325 ÷ 400 °C and time of 2 ÷ 4 h. Hydrogen-nitrogen plasma was used as reactive atmosphere (H2 75% + N2 25%) with pressure of 150 Pa. On the basis of the X-ray analyses it was stated that the obtained nitrided layers consisted of a subsurface layer of chromium nitrides and a zone of nitrogen saturated austenite.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań strukturalnych metodą rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej (XRD i GIXRD) warstw azotowanych na podłożu stali austenitycznej X2CrNiMo17-12-2. Proces azotowania jarzeniowego przeprowadzono w zakresie temperatur 325 ÷ 400 °C i czasu 2 ÷ 4 h. Atmosferę reaktywną stanowiła plazma wodorowo-azotowa (H2 75% + N2 25%) o ciśnieniu 150 Pa. Na podstawie badań rentgenowskich stwierdzono, że otrzymane warstwy azotowane składają się z przypowierzchniowej warstwy azotków chromu oraz strefy austenitu przesyconego azotem. Zastosowanie ekranu aktywnego spowodowało wzrost głębokości dyfuzji azotu w głąb azotowanej powierzchni oraz zwiększyło jego koncentrację w fazie austenitu przesyconego azotem.

4

Struktura warstw krzemowanych wytwarzanych metodą kontaktowo- -gazową na niobie i stopie niobu

Zawadzki M., Swadźba L., Mendala B., Moskal G., Witala B., Swadźba R., Toczek S.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2013

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Vol. 34, nr 6

921--924

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ czasu procesu wygrzewania dyfuzyjnego na mikrostrukturę, skład chemiczny i fazowy warstw krzemkowych wytworzonych na podłożu z niobu oraz ze stopu niobu C-103. Krzemowanie dyfuzyjne prowadzono metodą kontaktowo-gazową w temperaturze 1050°C przez 24 oraz 70 h, w atmosferze argonu. Warstwy krzemkowe otrzymane na podłożu z niobu miały budowę dwustrefową (rys. 1, 3). Składały się ze strefy zewnętrznej charakteryzującej się wyraźną strukturą kolumnową oraz strefy wewnętrznej o jednolitej strukturze. Warstwy krzemkowe otrzymane na podłożu ze stopu niobu C-103 charakteryzowały się budową trzystrefową (rys. 2, 4). Strefa zewnętrzna i wewnętrzna miała budowę kolumnową. W strefie środkowej stwierdzono nierównomiernie rozłożone wydzielenia. Przeprowadzono mikroanalizę składu chemicznego oraz analizę składu fazowego. Stwierdzono obecność krzemku niobu NbSi2 w strefie zewnętrznej oraz Nb5Si3 w strefie wewnętrznej warstw (rys. 8÷10). Otrzymane fazy były zgodne z wykresem równowagi Nb-Si.

EN

This paper presents the influence of pack-cementation process time on the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of Si coatings formed on niobium and Nb-based alloy C-103 substrate. Pack siliconizing process was carried out at temperature 1050°C for 24 and 70 hours in argon protection atmosphere. The Si coatings formed on niobium substrate had two layers structure (Fig. 1, 3). The coatings consist of outer layer that is characterized by fairly columnar structure and inner layer with uniform structure. The Si coatings formed on Nb-based alloy C-103 substrate is characterized by three layers structure (Fig. 2, 4). The outer and inner layer had uniform columnar structure. The unevenly distributed particles was found in the middle layer of the Si coating. EDS microanalysis and the X-ray phase analysis was carried out. It was found presence of NbSi2 niobium silicide in the outer layer and Nb5Si3 niobium silicide in the inner layer of the Si diffusion coatings (Fig. 8÷10). The obtained phased were consistent with the equilibrium diagram Nb-Si.

5

Mikrostruktura, skład fazowy i mikrotwardość warstw boroniklowanych modyfikowanych wiązką laserową

Bartkowska A., Pertek A., Jankowiak M., Jóźwiak K., Klimek L.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2012

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Vol. 33, nr 1

32--36

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki laserowej modyfikacji warstw boroniklowanych wytworzonych na stali konstrukcyjnej C45. Proces boroniklowania składał się z galwanicznego niklowania oraz borowania dyfuzyjnego. Laserową obróbkę cieplną (LOC) przeprowadzono za pomocą lasera CO 2 o mocy nominalnej 2600 W. Zbadano wpływ prędkości posuwu wiązki laserowej na mikrostrukturę i mikrotwardość warstwy wierzchniej. Do analizy fazowej warstw boroniklowanych wykorzystano dwie metody: dyfrakcję elektronów wstecznie sprężyście rozproszonych (EBSD) oraz rentgenowską analizę fazową. Badania wykazały, że występują w niej fazy: (Fe, Ni)B, (Fe, Ni) 2B, Ni4B3, Ni3B. Mikrotwardość warstwy wierzchniej po boroniklowaniu i laserowej obróbce cieplnej zmniejszyła się do ok. 1300÷700 HV w zależności od parametrów LOC w porównaniu z warstwą tylko boroniklowaną o mikrotwardości 1600÷1800 HV.

EN

The paper presents the results of laser surface modification of boronickelized layers produced on C45 constructional steel. The process was composed of nickel plating followed by diffusion boronizing. Laser heat treatment (LHT) was carried out with a CO2 laser of a nominal power of 2600 W. The results present the influence of the laser beam scanning rate on the microstructure and microhardness of the surface layer. For the phase analysis of the boronickelized layer, two methods were employed: Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) analyses and X-ray phase analysis. The results showed that the boronickelized layer was composed of FeB, (Fe, Ni)2B, (Fe, Ni)4B3, Ni3B. The microhardness of the surface layer after boronickelizing and laser heat treatment was reduced to about 700÷1300 HV, depending on the LHT parameters, compared to only a boronickelized layer with a microhardness of 1600÷1800 HV.

6

Analiza strukturalna i fazowa warstw borowanych modyfikowanych niklem i chromem

Bartkowska A., Pertek A., Miklaszewski A.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2012

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Vol. 33, nr 5

448--451

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ modyfikacji niklem i chromem na strukturę warstwy borowanej wytworzonej na stali C45. Warstwy modyfikowane wytworzono metodą galwaniczno-dyfuzyjną. Powłokę niklu lub chromu otrzymano metodą elektrochemiczną. Następnie przeprowadzono proces borowania dyfuzyjnego w temperaturze 950°C oraz 1050°C przez 4 h. Warstwa borowana po modyfikacji miała budowę dwustrefową (rys. 1÷4, 6, 8). Składała się z ciągłej strefy przypowierzchniowej i iglastych borków żelaza. Przeprowadzono rentgenowską analizę fazową. Stwierdzono obecność borków żelaza i borków niklu w warstwach modyfikowanych niklem (rys. 5) oraz borków żelaza i borków chromu w warstwach modyfikowanych chromem (rys. 9). Otrzymane fazy były zgodne z wykresami równowagi Fe-B, Ni-B oraz Cr-B. Mikroanaliza EDS wykazała obecność pierwiastka modyfikującego w ciągłej strefie przypowierzchniowej (rys. 3, 7).

EN

The paper presents the influence of modification of nickel and chromium on the structure of borided layer produced on C45 steel. Modified layers were produced by galvanic-diffusion method. Nickel or chromium coating was obtained by electroplating method. Afterwards, the diffusion boriding pro- cess was carried out at temperature 950°C and 1050°C for 4 h. The borided layer after modification had dual-zone structure (Fig. 1÷4, 6, 8). It consisted of a continuous surface zone and coniferous iron borides. The X-ray phase analysis was carried out. It was found presence of iron and nickel borides phases in layers modified with nickel (Fig. 5) and iron and chromium borides phases in layers modified with chromium (Fig. 9). The obtained phases were consistent with the equilibrium diagrams Fe-B, Ni-B and Cr-B. EDS microanalysis showed the presence of the modifying element in continuous surface zone (Fig. 3, 7).

7

Microstructure and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 powder

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Dercz G., Pająk L., Skowroński W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 27, nr 1

51-54

EN

Purpose: Analysis of microstructure and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 powder obtained by milling and annealing of Fe2O3 and BaCO3 precursors. Design/methodology/approach: The mixture of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and barium carbonate (BaCO3) powders was used to obtain BaFe12O19 powder by using high-energy ball milling and heat treatment processes. The X-ray diffraction methods were used for qualitative, quantitative phase analyses and for crystallite size and lattice distortion determination. The thermal properties of the studied powders were analyzed using the differential thermal analysis (DTA). The magnetic properties of examined powder material were studied by resonance vibrating sample magnetometer (R-VSM). The size of powder particles was determined by a laser particle analyzer. Findings: The milling process of iron oxide and barium carbonate mixture causes decrease of the crystallite size of involved phases. The X-ray diffraction investigations of Fe2O3 and BaCO3 mixture milled for 50 hours and annealed at 850, 900, 950 and 1000*C enabled the identification of hard magnetic BaFe12O19 phase and also small amount of Fe2O3 phase. The magnetic properties of studied powders are dependent on temperature of their annealing. The sample annealed at 1000*C has the best hard magnetic properties from all studied samples. The content changes of hard magnetic phase (BaFe12O19) with the increase of annealing temperature results in the improvement of hard magnetic properties. Practical implications: The BaFe12O19 powder can be suitable component to produce sintered hard magnetic materials. Originality/value: The study results of BaFe12O19 powders confirm the utility of applied investigation methods in the microstructure and magnetic properties analysis of powder materials.

8

Microstructure investigations of Co-Si-B alloy after milling and annealing

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Dercz G., Pająk L.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 23, nr 1

59-62

EN

Purpose: The work presents the microstructure characterization of Co77Si11,5B11,5 metallic glass after high-energy ball milling and heat treatment processes. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on ribbon prepared by melt spinning and this ground in high-energy vibratory ball mill. The tested ribbon and obtained powders were also annealed in specified heat treatment conditions. The morphology of the powder particles of milled ribbon was analyzed by using the confocal laser scanning microscope. The methods of X-ray diffraction were used for the qualitative phase analysis. The parameters of the individual diffraction line profiles were determined by PRO-FIT Toraya procedure. The average crystallite sizes and lattice distortions for Co phase were estimated using Williamson-Hall method. Findings: The studied Co77Si11,5B11,5 metallic glass in annealed state contains hexagonal Co crystalline phases emerged in amorphous matrix. The crystallite size of Co phase in as-cast sample lies in nanoscale. After annealing process the crystallite size increases to 72 nm and diminishes to 46 nm in the powder sample after 30 hours of milling. The milling causes decrease of the crystallite size and increase of lattice distortions of crystalline phase. The powder particles after 30 hours of milling are of spherical shape. Practical implications: The powder particles obtained after milling process of Co-based metallic glass could be suitable components in production of ferromagnetic nanocomposites. Originality/value: The obtained results confirm the utility of applied investigation methods in the microstructure analysis of powder materials with nanocrystalline phases.

9

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AC AlSi9CuX alloys

Dobrzański L. A., Maniara R., Krupiński M., Sokolowski J. H.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 24, nr 2

51-54

EN

Purpose: In order to gain a better understanding of how to control the as-cast microstructure, it is important to understand the evaluation of microstructure during solidification and understanding how influence the changes of chemical concentration on this microstructure and mechanical properties. In this research, the effect of Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AC AlSi9CuX series alloys has been investigated. Design/methodology/approach: The experimental alloy used in this investigation were prepared at the University of Windsor (Canada) in the Light Metals Casting Laboratory, by mixing the AC AlSi5Cu1(Mg) commercial alloys and two master alloys AlSi49 and AlCu55, in a 10 kg capacity ceramic crucible. Optical microscope, transition electron microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the microstructure and intermetallic phases. Secondary dendrite arm spacing measurements were carried out using an Leica Q-Win(TM) image analyzer. Compression tests were conducted at room temperature using a Zwick universal testing machine. Rockwell F-scale hardness tests were conducted at room temperature using a Zwick HR hardness testing machine. Vickers microhardness tests were conducted using a DUH 202 microhardness testing machine. Findings: It was found that the increase of Cu content to 2 wt% leads to change of the Al+Si eutectic morphology, resulting in a grate increase in the ultimate tensile strength and ductility values compared to the alloys include 1 and 4 wt % of Cu. Based on the X-ray phase analysis was found, that change of Cu content don't influences on the phases composition of investigated alloy. Practical implications: The aim of this work is describe in detail the solidification process in a number of AC AlSi9CuX foundry alloys. In investigated alloys there were identified five phases, which can suggest together with thermal analysis, that in these alloys occur four solidification reactions. Originality/value: The carried out work confirmed the solidification reaction of AC AlSi9CuX foundry alloys and shown influence of Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties.

10

Investigations of the structure of composites of PP/GF by means of X-ray methods

Caban R., Nitkiewicz Z.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 23, nr 1

55-58

EN

Purpose: This work aimed to identify the crystalline phases which appear in polymeric matrix as well as to determine the degree of crystallinity for composites based on the matrix of polypropylene reinforced with glass fibre. Moreover, the value of Lp (large period) of supermolecular structure in lamellar polypropylene has also been determined. Design/methodology/approach: X-ray structural investigations of composites based on polypropylene matrix reinforced by glass fibre have been performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Findings: For investigated composites the presence of several types of polymorphous polypropylene has been found. The crystalline part of the matrix for the investigated composites is composed of alpha phase which crystallizes in monoclinic lattice and beta phase which crystallizes in hexagonal system. Moreover, it has been found that amorphous phase in the investigated composites is made of strongly oriented smectic phase of polypropylene. Research limitations/implications: Continuation of the investigations by means of X-ray methods will enable an in-depth analysis and recognition of the structure of polymeric composites on the molecular and supermolecular level. Originality/value: The work identified crystalline phases of polypropylene which made up the matrix for the investigated composites and the value of large period for supermolecular lamellar structure of polypropylene.

11

Structure and properties of barium ferrite powders prepared by milling and annealing

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Dercz G., Pająk L., Wrona J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 28, nr 12

735-742

EN

Purpose: Microstructure and magnetic properties analysis of barium ferrite powder obtained by milling and heat treatment Design/methodology/approach: The milling process was carried out in a vibratory mill, which generated vibrations of the balls and milled material inside the container. After milling process the powders were annealed in electric chamber furnace. The X-ray diffraction methods were used for qualitative phase analysis of studied powder samples. The morphology of Fe2O3 and BaCO3 powders after milling was analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method. The distribution of powder particles was determined by a laser particle analyzer. The magnetic hysteresis loops of examined powder material were measured by resonance vibrating sample magnetometer (R-VSM). Findings: The milling process of iron oxide and barium carbonate mixture causes decrease of the crystallite size of involved phases and leads to increase the content of Fe2O3 phase and decrease of BaCO3 content. Milling process causes enriching of surface layer of powder particles by Fe2O3. The X-ray investigations of tested mixture milled for 30 hours and annealed at 950*C enabled the identification of hard magnetic BaFe12O19 phase and also the presence of Fe2O3 phase in examined material. The Fe2O3 phase is a rest of BaCO3 dissociation in the presence of Fe2O3, which forms a compound of BaFe12O19. The best coercive force for the mixture of powders annealed at 950oC for 10, 20 and 30 hours is 349 kA/m, 366 kA/m and 364 kA/m, respectively. From morphology images and distribution of powder particle size it can be concluded, that the size of tested powder particles increases with increasing time of milling process. The increase of milling time up to 20 hours leads to joining of smaller particles in bigger ones; agglomerates are formed. Practical implications: The barium ferrite powder obtained by milling and annealing can be suitable component to produce sintered and elastic magnets with polymer matrix. Originality/value: The results of tested barium ferrite investigations by different methods confirm their utility in the microstructure and magnetic properties analysis of powder materials.

12

Corrosion tests of refractory materials

Socha L., Horakova D., Bazan J., Hasek P.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2006

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T. 58, nr 4

7-9

EN

The paper is devoted to corrosion tests of various types of refractory materials at the interface with liquid steel and slag. Two evaluation procedures were created for the corrosion test, which consist of various experimental methods - for example: visual evaluation, microanalysis of structure, X-rays phase analysis and fluorescence spectrometry. The first type of corrosion test is aimed on tundish nozzle, which was put to the test in the steel. The second type of corrosion test is aimed on lining in the pouring ladle, which was put to the test in the slag. From, the results it is evident which of the used methods are proper for the evaluation of refractory materials under different conditions.

PL

Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest badaniom korozyjnosci różnego typu materiałów ogniotrwałych na granicy faz pomiędzy stałą ciekłą i żużlem. Opracowano dwie procedury badań korozyjności, które obejmują różne metody doświadczalne - na przykład: ocenę wzrokową, mikroanalizę struktury, rentgenowską analizę fazową oraz spektrometrię fluorescencyjną. Pierwszy rodzaj badań korozyjnosci dotyczy wylewu kadzi pośredniej, który został poddany badaniom w stali. Drugi rodzaj prób korozyjnych służy do badania wyłożenia kadzi odlewniczej, które zostało poddane badaniom w żużlu. Na podstawie wyników stwierdzono, którą z zastosowanych metod należy zastosować do oceny materiałów ogniotrwałych w różnych warunkach.

13

Structure investigations of commercial zirconia ceramic powder

Dercz G., Prusik K., Pająk L.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

259--262

EN

Purpose: The microstructure characterization of commercially available zirconia powder was the purpose of this paper. Different methods of structure analysis were applied owing to the complex, multiphase structure of studied material. Design/methodology/approach: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations were performed on commercial zirconia ceramic material (Metco 202 (ZrO 2 - 20 wt.%Y 2O 3)). The Rietveld method appeared to be very useful in the verification of the qualitative phase composition and in the determination of phase abundance. Hill and Howard procedure was applied for quantitative phase analysis. The parameters of the individual diffraction line profiles were determined by PRO-FIT Toraya procedure. The powder morphology was analyzed by SEM method practical. Findings: The presence of Y2O3 phase besides of monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic forms of ZrO2 phase was stated. The cubic zirconia phase appeared to be the main component of the sample (68.2 wt.%) whereas the content of Y2O3 is the lowest (4.5 wt. %). The crystallite size of all involved phases lies above nanoscale. The images obtained by SEM reveal the spherical shape of powder particles; their hierarchical type of structure is clearly seen. The greater particles contain smaller ones. The shell of spherical particles is composed of distinct patches. Practical implications: Performed studies enable the detrmination of the relation between the microstructure of commercial powders and their utilizable properties. Originality/value: The applied, different methods of structure analysis appeared to be very useful in the microstructure analysis of complex, multiphase material.

14

Structure and surface studies on Ni-Mo alloys with polymers

Karolus M., Rówiński E., Łągiewka E.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

119--122

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is the presentation of the study results provided on structure and surface of the electrodeposited Ni-Mo alloys with different polymers. Design/methodology/approach: Composites based on Ni-Mo alloys with polytiophen, polypyrrole and polyethylene were obtained by electrochemical method. Depending on the potential and current density of electrodeposition and electropolymerization processes. Findings: The structural analysis made by X-ray diffraction shows that, in general, the solid solution of molybdenum in nickel is forming. The unit cell parameters of solid solution are slightly changing with the increasing of molybdenum contents in the alloy. The analysis of diffraction line broadening indicates presence of the Ni-Mo solution nanocrystallites in the deposited layers. Moreover, the Auger Electron spectroscopy (AES) verifies both the presence of the solid solution of molybdenum in nickel and presence of polymers in composites. The SEM images show the general microstructure typical for the grain structure. Research limitations/implications: Composites obtained by electrochemical method studied in this paper are unique in that the electrochemical methods can be used for processing ceramics, polymers, metals, composites and hybrid materials. Practical implications: The codeposition of alloys with polymers or polymerisation with alloy codeposition has created new opportunities in the preparation of novel composite materials. Conductive polymers have been investigated for use as the electrode materials for a number of applications including rechargeable batteries, electrochemical sensors etc. Originality/value: Using the electropolymerization and electrodeposition processes in preparation of the composites. The analysis of structure and surface of the electrodeposited Ni-Mo alloys with different polymers.

15

Structure and magnetic properties of Fe63.5Co10Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 alloy

Szewieczek D., Raszka T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

179--182

EN

Purpose: In this paper results of experience of influence a structure (amorphous, amorphous after structural relaxation and nanocrystal) and influence a corrosion medium, which was 1 M solution NaCl, on magnetic properties (initial magnetic permeability μp, relative magnetic permeability μw, coercive field Hc, remanence Br and saturation magnetisation Bs) on Fe63.5Co10Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 alloy have been presented. Design/methodology/approach: The material was obtained by the method of rapid cooling from liquid phase. The measurements of structure were made on the magnetic balance, the X-ray diffraction. The measurements of magnetic properties were made on the Maxwell-Wien bridge, the fluxometr and the VSM – Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. Findings: The results allowed defining that are significant dependence between the magnetic properties, the structure of the material and the corrosion. Research limitations/implications: Due to the high influence of the corrosion on the magnetic properties of the material further research should be undertaken. Practical implications: The measurements allow giving information to the industry how decrease the magnetic properties of alloy after influence the corrosion medium. Originality/value: The Finemet is very attractive due to his excellent soft magnetic properties. The problem of the corrosion has been presented and her influence on the magnetic properties.

16

Microstructure of composite material with powders of barium ferrite

Nowosielski R., Babilas R., Dercz G., Pająk L.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 17, nr 1-2

117--120

EN

Purpose: The aim of the present work is the microstructure characterization of commercial powder BaFe12O19(as-prepared) and composite material with BaFe12O19 powders and polymer matrix, using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) methods. Design/methodology/approach: The morphology of barium ferrite powders and a fracture surface of the examined composite material was realized by using the scanning electron microscope. The methods of X-ray diffraction were used for the qualitative phase analysis. The parameters of diffraction line profiles were determined by PRO-FIT Toraya procedure. Findings: The X-ray diffraction analysis permitted on identification the BaFe12O19 and Fe2O3 phases in an examined material. Basing on Toraya method is determination of: lattice parameters, crystallite size (D) and the lattice distortion (<∆a/a>). Distribution of powders of barium ferrite in polymer matrix is irregular and powder particles have irregular shapes and dimensions. Research limitations/implications: For future research the X-ray analysis should be performed by the Rietveld method, which allows to characterization the microstructure of tested material and verification of its qualitative phase composition. Originality/value: The applied Toraya method of structure analysis appeared to be very useful in the microstructure analysis.

17

Materiały kompozytowe o osnowie stopu magnezu EN-MCMgAl9Zn1 wzmacniane cząstkami Al2O3

Dobrzański L.A., Piec M., Bilewicz M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 6

605-608

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań materiałów kompozytowych o osnowie stopów magnezu EN-MCMgAl9Zn1 wzmacniane cząstkami Al2O3 o wielkości 0,5 i 2 mikrometry oraz udziale objętościowym cząstek ceramicznych 50%, wytworzonych metodą prasowania w stanie ciekłym. Przedstawiono wyniki badań metalograficznych oraz rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej otrzymanych kompozytów.

EN

In this work investigation results of magnesium alloy EN-MCMgAl9Zn1 matrix composite materials were presented. For these materials strengthening processes by ceramics particles of Al2O3 with size 0,5 and 2 micrometres has occured. Strengthening processes have occured thanks to squeeze casting and fraction of hard particles was 50%. In this paper also results of light metallography, hardness and qualitative diffraction rentgenography were presented.

18

Materiały kompozytowe o osnowie polimerowej wzmacniane cząstkami magnetycznie twardymi Nd-Fe-B

Dobrzański L.A., Drak M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 6

593-596

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań materiału kompozytowego magnetycznie twardego o osnowie polimerowej wzmacnianego cząstkami ze sproszkowanej szybkochłodzonej taśmy Nd-Fe-B. Proszek Nd-Fe-B domieszkowano (10% masowo) proszkami żelaza, aluminium, odlewniczym stopem miedzi z cyną CuSn10, stalą wysokostopową X2CrNiMo17-12-2 oraz tlenkiem aluminium Al2O3. Jako osnowy użyto żywicę epoksydową (2,5% masowo). Kompozyty prasowano jednostronnie jednoosiowo w temperaturze otoczenia pod ciśnieniem 800-900 MPa i utwardzono w temperaturze 180 stopni Celsjusza przez dwie godziny. Zbadano wpływ materiału domieszki na własności magnetyczne i mechaniczne oraz strukturę otrzymanych kompozytów. Przedstawiono wyniki badań rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej. Wyniki badań własności magnetycznych wskazują na ich zróżnicowanie w zależności od zastosowanego materiału domieszki. Materiał magnetycznie miękki, proszek żelaza, zmniejsza w niewielkim stopniu remanencję i wyraźnie obniża koercję HcB. Domieszki materiałów niemagnetycznych zmniejszają zarówno remanencję jak i koercję HcB. Stwierdzono równomierne rozłożenie proszku Nd-Fe-B w osnowie polimerowej, ziarna mają kształt nieregularny, są wydłużone w jednym kierunku i układają się równolegle do siebie większymi płaszczyznami prostopadle do kierunku prasowania. Domieszki rozłożone są w kompozycie w sposób nierównomierny, zaobserwowano skupiska proszków żelaza, aluminium i stopu CuSn10. Wykonano badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie. Stwierdzono, że wszystkie domieszki z wyjątkiem proszku tlenku aluminium podnoszą wytrzymałość na ściskanie. Rentgenowska analiza fazowa umożliwiła identyfikacje fazy magnetycznie twardej Nd2Fe14B.

EN

Investigation results of the polymer matrix hard magnetic composite materials with particles of the powered rapid quenched Nd-Fe-B strip are presented in this paper. The Nd-Fe-B powder was doped (10% wt.) with powders of iron, aluminium, CuSn10 casting cooper alloy with tin, high alloy steel X2CrNiMo17-12-2 and aluminium oxide. Epoxy resin has been used as a matrix (2,5% wt.). The composites were unilaterally and uniaxially pressed at room temperature under the pressure of 800-900 MPa and curved afterwards for 2 hours at 180 degrees centigrade. The influence of dopes' materials kind on magnetic and mechanical properties of composite materials was estimated. Metallographic examination of the composite materials' structure and XRD analysis has been made. Investigations of magnetic properties of composite materials show the influence of the addition material. It was estimated that dopes of soft magnetic material decrease coercive force HcB and slightly reduce remance Br of composite. The addition of non-magnetic material decreases coercive force HcB and reduces remanence Br. Metallographic examination of the structure shows uniform distribution of Nd-Fe-B powder in the polymer matrix, grains are irregular elongated in one direction. Dopes' distribution in a polymer matrix is irregular, agglomerations of powders of aluminium, iron and cooper casting alloy with tin have been noticed. Ultimate compressive strength of composite materials is improved for all the addition material, except powder of aluminium oxide. XRD analysis has identified the hard magnetic phase Nd2Fe14B.

19

Korelacja pomiędzy ilościowym opisem mikrostruktury, a właściwościami mechanicznymi w stali duplex w obecności wodoru

Sozańska M., Kłyk-Spyra K., Lasota J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 6

369-372

PL

W pracy dokonano ilościowej oceny mikrostruktury stali duplex 2205 po nawodorowaniu. Ustalono zależności pomiędzy uzyskanymi wynikami, a parametrami wytrzymałościowymi uzyskanymi w wyniku poddania badanej stali klasycznej próbie rozciągania statycznego. Wyznaczono udział procentowy austenitu - 45,6% oraz ferrytu - 54,4% wykorzystując metody metalografii ilościowej i następnie porównując otrzymane wyniki z wartościami otrzymanymi metodą rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej. Stwierdzono również, że wartość oszacowanej granicy plastyczności delta 0,2 z wyników otrzymanych metodami metalografii ilościowej jest porównywalna z wartością granicy plastyczności wyznaczonej z badań mechanicznych.

EN

In work was executed a quantitative analysis of microstructure of duplex steel 2205 after hydrogen charged. Dependency among obtained results, and mechanical properties obtained in result of surrendering investigated of steel tensile strength test, was fixed. Proportional participation austenite -45,6% and of ferrite - 54,4% using method of quanitative metallography comparing received results at use of method X-ray analysis's, was marked. One ascertained also, that value of yield strength delta 0,2 received methods of quantitative metallography is comparable with value of yield strength from mechanical researches.

20

Elektrolityczne otrzymywanie i struktura warstw kompozytowych Ni+Al, Ni+Ti, Ni+Al+Ti

Napłoszek-Bilnik I., Budniok A., Łągiewka E.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2003

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R. XXIV, nr 4-5

207--213

PL

W pracy badano wpływ zawartości proszku aluminium i proszku tytanu w kąpieli galwanicznej na skład chemiczny powłok kompozytowych Ni+Al, Ni+Ti i Ni+Al+Ti otrzymywanych na podłożu stalowym (St3S)) w warunkach galwanostatycznych (dla Ni+Al j=450 mA/cm kwadratowy, dla Ni+Ti j=150 mA/cm kwadratowy, dla Ni+Al+Ti j=200 mA/cm kwadratowy). Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem zawartości Al i Ti w kąpieli galwanicznej, zawartość Al w powłokach Ni+Al osiąga 44 % (mas.), a zawartość Ti w powłokach Ni+Ti wynosi 68 % (mas.). Skład chemiczny powłoki Ni+Al+Ti zależy od stosunku mas zawiesiny proszków Ti/Al i waha się w granicach od 4/25 % dla A1 i od 12/60 % dla Ti. Dla optymalnego składu kąpieli galwanicznej, zapewniającego otrzymanie powłok o największej zawartości wybranych składników kompozytu, określono wpływ gęstości prądu na zawartość Al, Ti i Al+Ti w powłokach. Grubość powłok wyznaczono z przkrojów poprzecznych powłok metodą mikroskopową (dla powłok Ni+Al wynosi ona 20/50 mikrometrów, dla powłok Ni+Ti wynosi ona 120-250 mikrometrów, dla powłok Ni+Ti+Al wynosi 50/250 mikrometrów). Badania składu fazowego przeprowadzono metodą rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej, a analizę składu chemicznego metodą atomowej spektroskopii rentgenowskiej. Otrzymane dyfraktogramy były podstawą do przeprowadzenia jakościowej i ilościowej analizy fazowej. Z wartości szerokości połówkowej linii dyfrakcyjnych niklu wyznaczono również wielkość krystalitów niklu dla poszczególnych powłok (od 7 do 27 nm). Zaproponowano mechanizm zabudowania cząsteczek stałych do struktury powłoki opierając się na zjawisku adsorpcji i desorpcji jonów niklowych na powierzchni proszku metalu zdyspergowanego w kąpieli galwanicznej. Zakłada się, że otrzymane powłoki kompozytowe po obróbce cieplnej umożliwiają zgodnie z odpowiednimi układami równowagowymi otrzymanie faz międzymetalicznych typu NixTi1-x, NixAl1-x, NixTiyAl1-x-y.

EN

The influence of Ti and Al powder in the galvanic bath on the chemical composition of Ni+Al, Ni+Ti, Ni+Al+Ti coatings was investigated. The coatings were obtained on a steel substrate under galvanostatic conditions; for Ni+Al layers (j=450 mA/square cm), for Ni+Ti (j=175 mA/cm), for Ni+Al+Ti (j=200 mA/square cm). It was stated, that Al and Ti percentages increase with an increase in the amount of Al and Ti powders in the bath and reach the value of 44% for Al and 68% for Ti in Ni+Al and Ni+Ti coatings appropriated. Chemical composition of Ni+Al+Ti coatings depends on the ratio of the mass of Ti and Al powders in the bath and varies from 4 to 25% for Al and 12 to 60% for Ti. The influence of deposition current density on the percentage of incorporated Al, Ti and Al+Ti was ascertained for the layer obtained from the bath of optimal composition. The thickness of the coatings was estimated using microscope method on the base of cross-sectional images of the coatings (the thickness of Ni+Al coatings was 20-50 micrometres, Ni+Ti-120/520 micrometres and Ni+Al+Ti-50/250 micrometres). X-ray diffraction method was used to determine phase composition of the layers and atomic absorption spectrometry was applied to specify their chemical composition. The size of the nickel crystallites has been determined from the half-width of the diffraction peaks (7-27 nm). The mechanism of incorporation of solid particles into to the coatings structure was explained basing on Ni sup 2+ adsorption/desorption processes on the metal powder. Basing on phase diagrams for Ni+Al, Ni+Ti and Ni+Al+Ti systems it was suggested that thermal treatment of deposited composite coatings under proper conditions would allow to obtain NixTi1-x, NixAl1-x, NixTiyAl1-x-y intermetallic compounds.