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1

A Breakthrough Approach for Superior Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) Removal and Phosphorus Adsorption

Thongdamrongtham Somjate, Junsiri Supanee, Mongkol Nukul, Chaikhan Sitthichai

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

333--350

EN

This study examines the effectiveness of modified drinking water treatment residue (MDWTR) in removing Microcystis aeruginosa, as well as its collaborative action with poly aluminium chloride (PAC) for effective contaminant removal. In addition, the phosphorus adsorption capacities of MDWTR samples with differing particle sizes are evaluated. The results indicate that MDWTR alone has a positive effect on Microcystis aeruginosa removal, with S-type MDWTR(<90 μm) exhibiting the highest removal efficiency. Moreover, when combined with PAC, MDWTR’s removal efficiency is significantly enhanced, further validating its efficacy. The analysis of isotherms provides strong evidence for the substantial adsorption capacities of MDWTR samples, with various MDWTR types exhibiting distinct affinities. These results demonstrate MDWTR’s potential as adsorbent, Microcystis aeruginosa removing and emphasise its versatility in water treatment applications.

2

Performance of Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Removing Microplastics in East Java, Indonesia

Radityaningrum Arlini Dyah, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Soedjono Eddy Setiadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

129--143

EN

Microplastic (MP) has been a new emerging contaminant in the municipal water supply. A water treatment process is a key to producing high-quality and safe drinking water. The performance of a conventional drinking water treatment plant (CDWTP) to remove MPs is questionable. This research aimed to investigate the performance of 2 CDWTPs in East Java in removing MPs. Full-stage treatment in two CDWTPs consisted of intake, pre-sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, sand filter, and disinfection units. Five L water samples were collected with a grab sampling technique in the sampling points of intake and outlet of each water treatment unit. MP abundance and characteristics in each sample were determined using a Sunshine SZM-45T-B1 stereomicroscope and a Nicolet i10 FTIR spectrophotometer. Total MP removal efficiencies in CDWTPs I and II were 66 and 62%, respectively. The coagulation-flocculation unit performed the highest MP removal efficiencies (56%). The MP with 1–350 μm size achieved lower removal efficiencies (33–53%) than that with 351-<5,000 μm size (53–76%). The removal efficiencies of fiber, fragment, and film in the CDWTPs were 61–65%; 86–100%; and 100%, respectively.

3

Evaluation of the Efficiency of the AL-Mauany Hospital Sewage Treatment Plant in Basrah City

Al-Khafaji Samar A., Al-Rekabi Wisam S., Abbas Sarmad A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

205--213

EN

This study focuses on assessing the sewage characteristics and performance of the Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plant for AL-Mauany hospital in Basrah Governorate. Samples were taken from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) waste and tested for pollutants using (APHA) procedures and compared to standard criteria. COD, BOD, temperature, EC, TSS, and TDS were all tested in the laboratory. DO, NH3, and NO3 were chosen as effluent quality indicators. Identical to the standard limits in Iraqi Standard Specification, despite some of them experiencing a minor modification during the treatment stages. But for COD and BOD, which exceeded the permissible limit despite the high removal efficiency, because the values at the entrance were high because they came from hospital waste, where the values at the influent were for COD 665.4 mg/l and 504.6 mg/l, while the BOD values were 283.6 mg/l and 171.2 mg/l in summer and winter, respectively, while the effluent values were 129.7 and 102.8 for COD and 73.4 and 53.8 for BOD. As well as for the NO3-N results for the effluent, which was unstable inflow and effluent, but in no way did it exceed the Iraqi effluent which was 50 mg/l.

4

Evaluation of Evapotranspiration and Performance of Emerging Plants: Case of Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia

Benrahmane Loubna, Mouhir Latifa, Laaouan Mohamed, El Hafidi Mustapha, Saafadi Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

257--267

EN

The treatment of wastewater in small rural settlements requires special attention in the choice of the purification technique to be used, insofar as experience has shown that the technologies initially developed for the urban environment do not prove to be as effective for the rural environment. The current trend tends towards autonomous systems. Among these systems are Floating treatment wetlands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evapotranspiration and the performances of two emerging plants; Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia. The experimental device was composed of three test tanks whose dimensions were: length = 1 m, width = 1 m and water height = 0.85 m – two tanks with emerging plants (Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia) and a control tank without vegetation. The monitoring of the evolution of plant evapotranspiration and the evaporation of the control tank for different periods and temperatures showed that the volumes of water lost were respectively for Cyperus papyrus, Typha latifolia and control tank: (1) 130 liters, 230 liters and 5 liters for two days at an average temperature of 26.3 °C; (2) 125 liters, 150 liters and 0 liters for two days at an average temperature of 26.7 °C; (3) 240 liters, 280 liters and 5 liters for three days at an average temperature of 27.3 °C; (4) 140 liters, 260 liters and 10 liters for two days at an average temperature of 26 °C; (5) 140 liters, 240 liters and 5 liters for two days at an average temperature of 27.3 °C; (6) 260 liters, 550 liters and 10 liters for four days at an average temperature of 28.6 °C. It turned out that the presence of plants as well as the temperature and the retention time in the tanks have a impact on the loss of water and more precisely those with emerging macrophytes. The present study has shown that the floating treatment wetlands planted with Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia can be used for wastewater treatment. Indeed, the removal efficiency in terms of COD, BOD5 and SS were respectively: 76%, 75.3% and 95.90% for Cyperus papyrus and 70.45%, 66.5% and 93.70% for Typha latifolia.

5

Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration

Custodio María, Cuadrado-Campó Walter, Peñaloza Richard, Vicuña-Orihuela Carmela, Torres-Gutiérrez Elmer, Orellana Edith

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

24--32

EN

Hospital wastewater is of a complex nature and is generally discharged into urban sewage systems. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of organic and biological contaminants from a hospital wastewater treatment plant using extended aeration activated sludge. The study was conducted at a treatment plant scale, with 14 hours of feed. The plant consists of a pre-filter, a collector and crumbler tank, a homogenization tank, two biological reactors of 80 000 liters capacity each, two settlers and a contact disinfection chamber. Three flow rates of 3 L/s, 4 L/s and 5 L/s were tested in each biological reactor, with application of three concentrations of residual chlorine with sodium hypochlorite to the effluent of the settling tanks (0.3 ppm, 0.4 ppm and 0.5 ppm). The removal efficiency of suspended solids varied according to flow rate. The reactor with a flow rate of 3 L/s and 0.5 ppm of residual chlorine achieved the highest removal of suspended solids (91.95%), biological oxygen demand (97.52%) and fecal coliforms (99.99%). Finally, the quality of the hospital wastewater is within the limits of the national and international environmental quality thresholds.

6

Pilot Plant Study on Biological Treatment of Domestic Sewage Using Biopipe System

Jasem Hayder Mohammed, Khudair Kifah Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

139--146

EN

The Biopipe system is the first biological wastewater treatment system designed to remove carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances entirely within a pipe. The transformation mechanisms in the Biopipe system can be modelled using a physical model, and several experiments have been carried out to this study. The experimental work was carried out at the Al-Barakia wastewater treatment plant (BWWTP) in Iraq’s Najaf governorate that will be done to obtain continuous source of sanitary sewage flow and thus, maintain the pilot plant operation. Two tanks, two pumps, a Flow Control and Measuring Device, PVC Pipes, and an Aeration System make up the physical model. Seeding using activated sludge from a similar plant, The Biopipe system requires 28 days to get steady results and maximal COD, TN and TSS removal efficiency. The tests were carried out on a Biopipe system with recirculation with different value of influent flow rate and different recirculation ratio. The most important findings of the Biopipe system application indicated that system is better for removing COD than TN. When the recirculation ratio was equal to 9, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) achieved 66.50% respectively. The dissolved oxygen concentration rises to 5.75 mg/l when the recirculation flow rate is increased to 216 m3/day. In addition, it was found that the removal efficiency of biodegradable organics can be enhanced in case of low influent flow rate and high recirculation flow rate.

7

Effectiveness of Floating Treatment Wetlands with Cyperus papyrus Used in Sub-Humid Climate to Treat Urban Wastewater: A Case Study

Benrahmane Loubna, Mouhir Latifa, Kabbour Amal, Laaouan Mohamed, El Hafidi Mustapha

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

157--168

EN

The wastewater from small communities and rural areas, usually discharged in an unsuitable manner, requires an appropriate treatment. The floating treatment wetland has revealed a great potential due to good performance, low cost and low maintenance means of improving water quality over a broad range of applications. The aim of this article was to present the results of the adaptation period (57 days) of a macrophyte plant “Cyperus papyrus” and its potential for treating wastewater generated by the campus of the National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE) of Rabat. Two hydraulic retention times were applied: 2 and 4 days. Pilot experimental setups (two tanks) were installed: one tank where the macrophyte, being the subject of the study, was installed and the other served as a control. The macrophyte plants were suspended in floating mat, keeping the plant roots permanently in contact with the water and removing pollutants via several processes. During the adaptation of the plant which concerned four parameters: the evolution of the density, the height of the stems, the number of shoots as well as the state of health of the plants, a period of adaptation to the medium of implantation of fifty-seven days was observed. Along this adaptation phase, the results showed that: plant density increased from 9 to 29 units; the heights of the four identified stems of Cyperus papyrus increased from 15, 6, 11 and 8 cm to 73, 43, 30 and 24 cm, respectively; the appearance of 72 shoots and the plant has completed the adaptation phase in good health (absence of disease Symptoms). The treated water obtained from outlet and wastewaters were analyzed for various water quality parameters, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Suspended Solids (SS). The floating treatment wetlands system is able to remove 37.8% of COD; 47.6% of BOD5and 74.4% of SS for HRT of 2 days and 63.7% of COD; 78.4% of BOD5 and 89.1% of SS for HRT of 4 days. Moreover, it was found that the purification efficiency in terms of these three pollution parameters is all the more important as the hydraulic retention time is high.

8

Biodegradation of Turquoise Blue Textile Dye by Wood Degrading Local Fungi Isolated from a Plantation Area

Sudiana I Ketut, Citrawathi Desak Made, Sastrawidana I Dewa Ketut, Maryam Siti, Sukarta I Nyoman, Wirawan Gede Agus Hendra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

205--214

EN

This research aimed to investigate the potential screening of wood degrading fungi to degrade the textile dye. Nine fungi were selected based on their ability to remove the turquoise blue textile dye on liquid potatoes dextrose médium. The fungi which have a high color removal efficiency were identified and analyzed qualitatively in terms of the manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase enzymes and their enzyme activity was determined. The selected fungi were investigated for their ability to degrade turquoise blue under variations in pH, dye concentration, and contact time. The results showed that three of the nine strains of wood-degrading local fungi, identified as Trametes hirsuta, Microporus xanthopus, and Ganoderma applanatum, were able to degrade textile dye. The color removal efficiency of dye treatment was monitored under the initial pH, dye concentration, and contact time variation. The study analyzed that the optimal color removal efficiency of the turquoise blue textile dye with a concentration of 30 mg/L in an aqueous solution was achieved at 78.50 and 85.84% at pH 6 for Microporus xanthopus and Ganoderma applanatum, while the color removal efficiency was 82.17% at pH 5 for Trametes hirsuta with seven days of incubation time.

9

Electro-Kinetic Remediation of Nickel from Contaminated Soil Using Bio remedies Banana Peels and Surfactant-Enhanced

Hawal Laith Hamdan, Al-Zubaidi Lubna, Allah Serror Atta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 5

214--220

EN

Pollution of the soil by different types of heavy metals is one of the most important problems of the environment. The present study used an electro-kinetic remediation, which is one of the important advanced techniques for the removal nickel from contaminated sandy soil. The study includes many experiments with different pH electrode purging solutions (distilled water at pH of 3, 5 and 7). Anionic surfactant (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, AOT) was used for washing soil as surfactant-enhanced remediation. Bio remedies banana peels (BP) were utilized as eco-friendly, low cost and adsorbent materials to avoid reverse osmosis that effects on the removal process. The results indicated that the greatest removal efficiency (65.2%) was achieved at the pH of purging solution (3) in comparison with pH of (5 and 7). This means that when the pH of the purging solution decreases, the removal efficiency increases. Using AOT as a soil-washing solution increased nickel dissolution and desorption from surface of the soil. Then, the AOT micelles containing nickel easily migrated to the cathode chamber by flow of the electro osmotic; thus, the removal efficiency increased (74.8%). In conclusion, the use of AOT is effective in enhancing nickel removal through the electro kinetic remediation. Bio remedies using banana peels is considered as a successful adsorbent material to avoid the reverse osmosis flow, this will give a new thought for the application these products as adsorption medium.

10

Removal of cyclohexane and ethanol from air in biotrickling filters inoculated with Candida albicans and Candida subhashii

Rybarczyk Piotr, Marycz Milena, Szulczyński Bartosz, Brillowska-Dąbrowska Anna, Rybarczyk Agnieszka, Gębicki Jacek

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 1

26--34

EN

This paper presents investigations on the removal of cyclohexane and ethanol from air in polyurethane- -packed biotrickling filters, inoculated with Candida albicans and Candida subhashii fungal species. Results on process performance together with flow cytometry analyses of the biofilm formed over packing elements are presented and discussed. The results indicate that the presence of ethanol enhances the removal efficiency of cyclohexane from air. This synergistic effect may be attributed to both co-metabolism of cyclohexane with ethanol as well as increased sorption efficiency of cyclohexane to mineral salt medium in the presence of ethanol. Maximum elimination capacities of 89 g m-3 h-1 and 36.7 g m-3 h-1 were noted for cyclohexane and ethanol, respectively, when a mixture of these compounds was treated in a biofilter inoculated with C. subhashii. Results of flow cytometry analyses after 100 days of biofiltration revealed that about 91% and 88% of cells in biofilm remained actively dividing, respectively for C. albicans and C. subhashii species, indicating their good condition and ability to utilize cyclohexane and ethanol as a carbon source.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono badania nad usuwaniem cykloheksanu i etanolu z powietrza w boifiltrach zraszanych, wypełnionych pianką poliuretanową, zasiedloną grzybami z gatunku Candida albicans i Candida subhashii. Przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki dotyczące wydajności procesu (na podstawie pomiarów techniką chromatografii gazowej) wraz z wynikami cytometrii przepływowej dla utworzonego biofilmu. Uzyskano wartości zdolności usuwania, wynoszące około 89 g m-3 h-1 i 36.7 g m-3 h-1, odpowiednio dla cykloheksanu i etanolu, gdy te związki jednocześnie poddawano procesowi biofiltracji w biofiltrze zaszczepionym Candida subhashii. Wyniki wskazują, że obecność etanolu powoduje zwiększenie skuteczności usuwania cykloheksanu z powietrza. Wzrost skuteczności usuwania z powietrza cykloheksanu w obecności etanolu może wynikać z polepszonego metabolizmu cykloheksanu w takich warunkach oraz z ograniczenia bariery dla przenikania masy, wskutek lepszych właściwości sorpcyjnych cieczy zraszającej wobec cykloheksanu w obecności etanolu.

11

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Sediment and Removal Efficiency in the Stabilization Ponds with the Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Filter

Custodio María, Orellana-Mendoza Edith, Peñaloza Richard, De la Cruz-Solano Heidi, Bulege-Gutiérrez Wilfredo, Quispe-Mendoza Rebeca

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 5

72--79

EN

The heavy metal accumulation in the sediment and removal efficiency in stabilization ponds with Hydrocotyle ranunculoides filter were evaluated. Sediment and water were sampled in June, July and August 2018. The sediment sampling for each lagoon was conducted at three sites forming a composite sample. The water samples were collected in the tributary and effluent pipelines to determine the heavy metal concentration and removal efficiency by Hydrocotyle ranunculoides. The determination of heavy metals was performed with the method of atomic flame absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the sediment, in a descending order, was: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. The concentrations of these metals ranged from 998.0 to 1365.02, from 488.01 to 600.30, from 88.23 to 95.01, from 1.47 to 1.53 and from 0.01 to 0.13 mg/Kg, respectively. In the four stabilization ponds, the pollution factor values for Cd, Cu and Fe qualified as low pollution factor. While for Zn and Pb, they qualified as moderate pollution factors. The heavy metal removal rates from the water varied by metal.

12

Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation with Multi Carbon Electrodes for Restaurant Wastewater Treatment

Sastrawidana I. D. K., Sukarta I. N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

200--204

EN

The removal of organic matter from the restaurant wastewater was investigated using the electrochemical oxidation method with multi carbon electrodes in a parallel construction. The degradation process was monitored by the measurement of COD concentration as a function of electrolysis time. The effect of operating parameter conditions on COD removal were investigated including initial pH, distance between electrodes, and the applied voltage difference. The results showed that the treatment of restaurant wastewater containing 2 g/L chloride ion using the electrochemical oxidation technique at the operation conditions characterized by: pH 5, distance between electrode of 10 cm and applied voltage of 12 V, enabled to obtained COD removal of 92.84% within 90 min electrolysis time. It is can be concluded that the indirect electrochemical oxidation method with multi carbon electrodes can be used effectively as an alternative technology for reducing COD and may be potentially applied for removal organic pollutants from wastewater at the industrial scale.

13

Influence of selected coagulants of indicator and dioxin-like pcb removal from drinking water

Rosińska A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2017

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Vol. 24, nr 1

41--51

EN

The aim of the research was to compare selected coagulants efficiency in indicator and chosen dioxin-like PCB removal from surface water. As coagulants, there were used aluminium sulfate and 5 hydrolyzed polyaluminium chlorides, with trade names: PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10, PAX-XL19, PAX-XL60, PAX-XL69. For the research, surface water was used, collected from dam reservoir. The water composition was modified with standard mixtures PCB MIX24 and MIX13, in order to obtain concentration of each congener equal to 300 ng/dm3. The PCB MIX24 mixture was composed of indicator congeners solution: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180, whereas the MIX13 mixture - solution of three dioxin-like PCB 77, PCB 126, and PCB 169. It was demonstrated that the application of aluminium sulfate allowed for reaching better effects for purifying water of PCB, than with the usage of pre-hydrolyzed salts, polyaluminium chlorides. Out of the studied coagulants, the best effects for indicator PCB removal were obtained with the application of aluminium sulfate, total PCB concentration was decreased by 65%. The highest efficiency for indicator congeners removal (90%) was obtained for PCB 138 and 153. After the application of hydrolyzed polyaluminium chlorides PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10 decrease in higher chlorinated PCB concentration was obtained, in the range of 23 to 74%. Selectivity of chosen PCB congener removal, depending on applied coagulant, was demonstrated; with the usage of aluminium sulfate, removal of heptachlorobiphenyl PCB 180 at the level of 34% was obtained, whereas with the application of PAX-XL1 and PAX-XL10 higher reduction efficiency for this congener was obtained, i.e. 83 and 74% respectively. For dioxin-like PCB, after application of aluminium sulfate, total concentration reduction by 74% was obtained, efficiency of this congeners removal amounted to from 54 (PCB 77) up to 72% (PCB 126), similar results were obtained after the usage of PAX-XL1. The lowest PCB removal from water rate was stated for coagulants PAX-XL60 and PAX-XL69.

14

Influence of selected coagulants of indicator and dioxin-like PCB removal from drinking water

Rosińska A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2016

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Vol. 10, No. 1

75--82

EN

The aim of the research was to compare selected coagulants efficiency in indicator and chosen dioxin-like PCB removal from surface water. As coagulants, there were used aluminium sulfate and 5 hydrolyzed polyaluminium chlorides, with trade names: PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10, PAX-XL19, PAX-XL60, PAX-XL69. For the research, surface water was used, collected from dam reservoir. The water composition was modified with standard mixtures PCB MIX24 and MIX13, in order to obtain concentration of each congener equal to 300 ng/dm3. The PCB MIX24 mixture was composed of indicator congeners solution: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180, whereas the MIX13 mixture - solution of three dioxin-like PCB 77, PCB 126, and PCB 169. It was demonstrated that the application of aluminium sulfate allowed for reaching better effects for purifying water of PCB, than with the usage of pre-hydrolyzed salts, polyaluminium chlorides. Out of the studied coagulants, the best effects for indicator PCB removal were obtained with the application of aluminium sulfate, total PCB concentration was decreased by 65%. The highest efficiency for indicator congeners removal (90%) was obtained for PCB 138 and 153. After the application of hydrolyzed polyaluminium chlorides PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10 decrease in higher chlorinated PCB concentration was obtained, in the range of 23 to 74%. Selectivity of chosen PCB congener removal, depending on applied coagulant, was demonstrated; with the usage of aluminium sulfate, removal of heptachlorobiphenyl PCB 180 at the level of 34% was obtained, whereas with the application of PAX-XL1 and PAX-XL10 higher reduction efficiency for this congener was obtained, ie 83 and 74% respectively. For dioxin-like PCB, after application of aluminium sulfate, total concentration reduction by 74% was obtained, efficiency of this congeners removal amounted to from 54 (PCB 77) up to 72% (PCB 126), similar results were obtained after the usage of PAX-XL1. The lowest PCB removal from water rate was stated for coagulants PAX-XL60 and PAX-XL69.

PL

Celem badań była porównanie efektywności wybranych koagulantów w usuwaniu z wody powierzchniowej wskaźnikowych i wybranych dioksynopodobnych PCB. Jako koagulanty wykorzystano siarczan glinu oraz 5 zhydrolizowanych chlorków poliglinu o nazwach handlowych: PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10, PAX-XL19, PAX-XL60, PAX-XL69. Do badań wykorzystano wodę powierzchniową. Skład wody zmodyfikowano mieszaniną wzorcową PCB MIX24 oraz MIX13 w celu uzyskania stężenia każdego kongeneru 300 ng/dm3. Mieszaninę PCB MIX24 stanowił roztwór wskaźnikowych kongenerów: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 i 180, a mieszaninę MIX13 roztwór trzech dioksynopodobnych PCB 77, PCB 126 oraz PCB 169. Wykazano, że zastosowanie siarczan glinu pozwoliło na uzyskanie lepszych efektów oczyszczania wody z PCB niż przy wykorzystaniu wstępnie zhydrolizowanych soli, chlorków poliglinu. Z przebadanych koagulantów najlepsze efekty usuwania wskaźnikowych PCB otrzymano po zastosowaniu siarczanu glinu, sumaryczne stężenie PCB zmniejszyło się o 65%. Najwyższą efektywność usuwania wskaźnikowych kongenerów (90%) uzyskano dla PCB 138 i 153. Po zastosowaniu zhydrolizowanych chlorków poliglinu PAX-XL1, PAX-XL10 uzyskano obniżenie stężenia wyżej chlorowanych PCB w zakresie od 23 do 74%. Wykazano selektywność usuwania wybranych kongenerów PCB w zależności od zastosowanego koagulantu; przy wykorzystaniu siarczanu glinu uzyskano usunięcie heptachlorobifenylu PCB 180 na poziomie 34%, natomiast przy wykorzystaniu PAX-XL1 i PAX-XL1o uzyskano większą efektywność redukcji tego kongeneru, tj. odpowiednio 83 i 74%. Dla dioksynopodobnych PCB po zastosowaniu siarczanu glinu uzyskano redukcję sumarycznego stężenia o 74%, efektywność usuwania tych kongenerów wynosiła od 54 (PCB 77) do 72% (PCB 126), podobne rezultaty otrzymano po zastosowaniu PAX-XL1. Najmniejszy stopień usuwania PCB z wody stwierdzono dla koagulantów PAX-XL60 i PAX-XL69.

15

Efektywność usuwania związków azotu i fosforu ze ścieków mleczarskich w reaktorze beztlenowym z klatkowym systemem mieszania

Hajduk A., Dębowski M., Zieliński M., Ligus A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2016

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Nr 48

78--87

PL

Alternatywą dla tlenowych systemów oczyszczania ścieków są reaktory beztlenowe. Projektując je zwraca się uwagę na odpowiednie wypełnienie, systemy pompowe, czy systemy mieszania umożliwiające zmniejszenie ograniczeń technologicznych, które przyczyniają się do poprawy efektów końcowych takich jak, ilość i jakość powstającego biogazu oraz jakość ścieków oczyszczonych. Prezentowane badania dotyczyły oceny efektywności usuwania związków biogennych z syntetycznych ścieków mleczarskich za pomocą innowacyjnego reaktora beztlenowego wyposażonego w mieszadło klatkowe. Efektywność usuwania związków organicznych w wykonanych badaniach wynosiła od 96,25% do 99,03%. Stężenie azotu ogólnego w ściekach surowych kształtowało się na poziomie od 148,36±0 mg N/dm3 do 593,42±94,92 mg N/dm3, a w oczyszczonych od 21,66±19,71 mg N/dm do 28,73±0,4 mg N/dm3. Stężenie fosforu ogólnego w ściekach surowych kształtowało się na poziomie od 110±0 mg P/dm3 do 441,16±19,83 mg P/dm3, a w oczyszczonych od 16,49±16,13 mg P/dm3 do 354±14,18 mg P/dm3. Zawartość metanu w wytwarzanym biogazie kształtowała się na poziomie od 0,0413 dm3 na 1g ChZT wprowadzonego do 0,4367 dm3 na 1g ChZT wprowadzonego.

EN

An alternative to aerobic wastewater treatment systems are anaerobic reactors. When designing anaerobic reactors attention is paid to the appropriate filling, pumping systems, or mixing systems, enabling the reduction of technological limitations, which contribute to the improvement of end effects such as, quantity and quality of the resulting biogas and the quality of treated wastewater. Described experiment related to researches on the evaluation of the efficiency of removing contaminations from synthetic dairy waste water using anaerobic reactor equipped with an innovative mixing system. The efficiency of removal of organic compounds made studies ranged from 96.25% to 99.03%. The concentration of total nitrogen in raw wastewater was at a level of 148,36 ± 0 mg N/dm3 to 593,42 ± 94,92 mg N/dm3, and treated wastewater from 21,66 ± 19,71 mg N/dm3 to 28,73 ± 0.4 mg N/dm3. The concentration of total phosphorus in raw wastewater was at a level of 110 ± 0 mg P/dm3 to 441,16 ± 19,83 mg P/ dm3, and treated wastewater from 16,49 ± 16,13 mg P/dm3 to 354 ± 14,18 mg P/dm3. The methane content of the biogas produced was at a level of from 0.0413 dm3 per 1 g COD introduced to 0.4367 dm3 per 1 g COD introduced.

16

Biological treatment of hydrogen sulfide in an airlift bioreactor with direct gas injection

Zytoon M. A., El-Shazly A. H., Noweir M. H., Al-Zahrani A. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 4

131--142

EN

Bioconversion of H2S into elemental sulfur has been investigated using an airlift bioreactor with direct injection of the gas into the bioreactor. Almost complete removal of H2S has been achieved at its inlet concentrations lower than 25 000 ppm. Maximum bioconversion capacity of ca 111.3 g/(m3·h) and up to 93.5% conversion of the inlet sulfide to elemental sulfur was obtained. To further improve the bioreactor performance, factors influencing mass transfer and biological activity should be investigated in future studies.

17

Analiza podatności na rozkład biologiczny odcieków składowiskowych oczyszczanych w wielostopniowym systemie hydrofilowym

Wojciechowska E.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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T. 17, nr 4

703--712

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem była analiza biodegradowalności odcieków składowiskowych oczyszczanych w wielostopniowym systemie hydrofitowym. Zastosowano układ technologiczny składający się z dwóch złóż o przepływie podpowierzchniowym pionowym oraz złoża o przepływie podpowierzchniowym poziomym. Podatność odcieków składowiskowych na rozkład biologiczny oceniano przez pomiar ChZT i jego frakcjonowanie, w odciekach po kolejnych etapach oczyszczania. Badania prowadzono w dwóch etapach: w pierwszym złoża zasilano odciekami składowiskowymi, natomiast w etapie drugim mieszaniną odcieków składowiskowych i ścieków bytowych. W obu etapach stwierdzono bardzo wysoki udział frakcji nierozkładalnych (Si oraz Xi) w odciekach doprowadzanych do pierwszego złoża, wynoszący 72,8% dla odcieków składowiskowych oraz 53,6% dla odcieków zmieszanych ze ściekami. W obu etapach badań bardzo niskie były wartości frakcji rozpuszczonej rozkładalnej na drodze biologicznej (Ss). Wartości frakcji rozkładalnych na drodze biologicznej obniżały się po kolejnych złożach. Odcieki odpływające z oczyszczalni hydrofitowej zawierały niemal wyłącznie substancję organiczną w formie niepodatnej na rozkład biologiczny. Stwierdzono wpływ jakości substancji organicznej (zawartości frakcji inertnych oraz podatnych na rozkład biologiczny oraz ilorazu BZT5/ChZT) na efektywność usuwania ChZT. Usuwanie ChZT przebiegało z wyższą skutecznością w okresie, kiedy odcieki zawierały dodatek ścieków bytowych. Potwierdza to, że dodatek labilnej materii organicznej korzystnie wpływa na efektywność oczyszczania odcieków w procesach biologicznych.

EN

In the article the results of analyses of biodegradability of landfill leachate treated in a multi-stage constructed wetland are presented. The treatment system consisted of two subsurface vertical flow beds followed by a subsurface horizontal flow bed. The biodegradability of leachate was evaluated by measurement of COD and COD fractions after subsequent stages of treatment. The research was conducted at two stages: in the first stage the beds were fed with pure leachate, while in the second stage the leachate was mixed with sanitary sewage. At both stages very high share of inert (not biodegradable) fractions (Si and Xi) was measured in the raw leachate discharged to the first bed (72.8% in the first stage and 53.6% in the second stage). Also at both stages the share of soluble biodegradable fraction Ss was very low. The shares of Ss fraction decreased after subsequent beds. At the outflow the leachate contained organic matter only in the inert form, resistant to biological treatment. It was found out that organic matter quality (the content of inert fractions and BOD/COD ratio) influenced the COD removal efficiency. The COD was more effectively removed in the second research stage which confirms that addition of sanitary sewage improves treatment efficiency of landfill leachate.

18

Analysis and evaluation of sewage treatment plant operation

Gawdzik J., Długosz J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2014

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Vol. 21, nr 2

199-209

EN

The paper presents the analysis and evaluation of six sewage treatment plants. The effectiveness of wastewater treatment was assessed for the following treatment facilities: Barcza (O1), Opatow (O2), Ostrowiec (O3), Starachowice (O4), Sandomierz (O5) and Piaseczno (O6). The evaluation of plant operation was based on the amount of reduction of five selected pollution indicators: BOD5, COD, total suspension, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. In addition, COD/BOD5 ratios were determined, the reliability coefficient (RC) was calculated and the degree of use of sewage treatment plant capacity, in relation to pollutant loads, was assessed. The paper also analyzes the non uniformity coefficient that characterizes variation in sewage flow.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę oraz ocenę funkcjonowania sześciu oczyszczalni ścieków. Ocenie efektywności systemu oczyszczania poddano oczyszczalnie ścieków Barcza (O1), a także w Opatowie (O2), Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim (O3), Starachowicach (O4), oraz w Sandomierzu (O5) i Piasecznie (O6). Oceny poprawności działania oczyszczalni oparto na wielkości redukcji 5 wybranych wskaźników zanieczyszczeń: BZT5, ChZT, zawiesina ogólna, azot ogólny i fosfor ogólny. Poza tym dokonano obliczeń stosunku ChZT/BZT5, jak i również obliczono współczynnik niezawodności WN oraz stopień wykorzystania przepustowości oczyszczalni ścieków ze względu na ładunki zanieczyszczeń. W pracy przeanalizowano również wartość współczynnika nierównomierności, który charakteryzuje zmienność dopływu ścieków.

19

Removal efficiency of the gaseous pollutants in cold plasma reactors

Kacprzyk R., Czapka T., Mielcarek W.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2010

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R. 86, nr 7

175-177

EN

In this work commercial and non-commercial cold plasma reactors are presented in volatile organic compounds decomposition process at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. A comparison of the VOCs removal efficiency in all reactors has been made. Furthermore, other characteristic parameters as specific input energy, energy cost and energy yield were calculated for different gaseous compounds.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wykorzystanie komercyjnych i niekomercyjnych reaktorów zimnej plazmy w procesie rozkładu lotnych związków organicznych w temperaturze pokojowej, pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym. Porównano wydajności poszczególnych reaktorów w eliminacji zanieczyszczeń. Ponadto wyznaczono inne charakterystyczne parametry takie jak gęstość energii, koszt i wydajność energetyczną dla różnych związków.

20

Experimental research on removal of formaldehyde with nonthermal plasma

Jian L., Wen-jun L., Yu-Quan J., Shu-jing Z., Lin D. F.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Politechnika Opolska

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2003

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Vol. 291, z. 4

563-570

EN

Formaldehyde waste gas pollution is one of the important subjects in the environmental protection field. The treatment of formaldehyde with nonthermal plasma is described in this paper. The result of the experiment indicates that a dielectric with high dielectric constant is beneficial for removing formaldehyde when the dielectric is polarized to present micro-corona discharge in the electrostatic field. The effect of electrostatic field strength, gas flow rate and initial concentration on the destruction of formaldehyde are researched for the reactor with or without packed materials. The experimental results indicate that high electrostatic field strengths; low gas flow rate and low initial concentrations of formaldehyde are the factors most suitable for removing formaldehyde. The removal efficiency of the reactor with ferroelectric annulated columns was higher than that without annulated columns.