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Situational awareness in autonomous shipping – ship domain in remote MASS operation

Abramowicz-Gerigk Teresa, Burciu Zbigniew

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2024

Vol. 18 No. 4

889--893

The introduction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in maritime transport creates new challenges that did not previously exist in the case of manned ships, and changes the approach to voyage planning, implementation and monitoring. MASS is not only supposed to be more economical, but also contributes to transport safety and environmental protection, while limiting the impact of the human factor. Taking into account the assumptions of the International Maritime Organization, the implementation of a MASS voyage, supervised by the operator of the Remote Operations Centre (ROC) will require a high level of situational awareness. The paper discusses the determination of the MASS safe navigation domain by ROC operator making decisions under risk conditions. It is expected, that according to Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, the enlargement of MASS domains may result in an increase in human-induced navigation hazards, especially in restricted areas.

EEG based workload and stress assessment during remote ship operations

Kari R., Gausdal A. H., Steinert M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2022

Vol. 16 No. 2

295--305

Autonomous and remotely controlled ships present new types of human factor challenges. An investigation of the underlying human factors in such operations is therefore necessary to mitigate safety hazards while improving operational efficiency. More tests are needed to identify operators’ levels of control, workload and stress. The aim of this study is to assess how increases in mental workload influence the stress levels of Shore Control Centre (SCC) operators during remote ship operations. Nine experiments were performed to investigate the stress levels of SCC operators during human-human and human-machine interactions. Data on the brain signals of human operators were collected directly by electroencephalography (EEG) and subjectively by the NASA task load index (TLX). The results show that the beta and gamma band powers of the EEG recordings were highly correlated with subjective levels of workload and stress during remote ship operations. They also show that there was a significant change in stress levels when workload increased, when ships were operating in harsh weather, and when the number of ships each SCC operator is responsible for was increased. Furthermore, no significant change in stress was identified when SCC operators established very high frequency (VHF) communication or when there was a risk of accident.