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Variability and changes in selected climate elements in Madrid and Alicante in the period 2000-2014

Cielecka K.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2015

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Vol. 4, iss. 1

56--65

EN

The aim of this study is to compare climatic conditions between the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and the southeastern coast of Spain. The article analyzes selected elements of climate over the last 15 years (2000-2014). Synoptic data from airport meteorological stations in Madrid Barajas and Alicante Elche were used. Attention was focused on annual air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The mean climatic conditions over the period 2000-2014 were compared with those over the 1961-1990 period which is recommended by WMO as climate normal and with data for the 1971-2000 coming from ‘Climate Atlas’ of Spanish meteorologists group AEMET. Two of climate elements discussed were characterized by significant changes. The annual air temperature was higher by about 0.2°C in Alicante and 0.9°C in Madrid in the period 2000-2014 compared to the 1961-1990. The current winters were colder than in years 1961-1990 at both stations. Gradual decrease in annual precipitation totals was observed at both stations. In 1961-1990 the annual average precipitation in Madrid amounted to 414 mm, while in Alicante it was 356 mm. However, in the recent years of 2000-2014 these totals were lower compared to 1961-1990 reaching 364.1 mm in the central part of Spain and 245.7 mm on the south-western coast.

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Effects of mowing regime on diversity of mediterranian roadside vegetation: implications for management

Simões M. P., Belo A. F., Souza C.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

241--255

EN

Shrub development on road outside verges can provide alternative wildlife habitat. However, management of inside verges should keep vegetation at a height consistent with proper road visibility and safety. The influence of management on vegetation was analyzed on the inside verge of two Portuguese roads, one mown once and another twice a year. Specifically, the effect of mowing frequency on shrub abundance and the combined effect of management and shrubs on floristic diversity were addressed. One stretch of each road was surveyed for shrub abundance and for herbaceous species diversity and cover. The effect of mowing frequency on shrub growing and biomass production and allocation was also evaluated along two years. Results indicate that vegetation mowing yearly in spring is enough to keep the inside verge free from most shrubs. However, summer growing shrubs like Dittrichia viscosa can persist, decreasing both floristic diversity and cover, particularly of meadow species. Moreover, in response to spring mowing, shrubs grew fast and were able to disperse efficiently. An additional autumn mowing significantly decreased not only shrub height and canopy area, but specially seed production and dispersal. Thus, the inside verge management should be based on two mowing periods. The first in spring to control winter and spring growing species, and an additional autumn mowing to control growth and dispersal of summer growing shrubs and trees, or even tall grasses. This management regime will combine safety with improvement of the amenity and habitat value of the road verges.

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Współpraca w regionie Morza Śródziemnego jak przejaw realizacji Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa

Rossa D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2011

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R. 52 nr 3 (186)

251-268

PL

Polityka zagraniczna stanowi podstawowy instrument realizacji zarówno interesów państw, jak i organizacji międzynarodowych. Unia Europejska, jako twór składający się z dwudziestu siedmiu państw leżących na być może najważniejszym kontynencie świata, musi odgrywać coraz większą rolę w obliczu dominacji potęgi Stanów Zjednoczonych i rodzącej się potęgi państw Dalekiego Wschodu — Chin i Indii. Stworzenie monolitu z odrębnych polityk zagranicznych państw członkowskich wydaje się być nie lada wyzwaniem w sytuacji wciąż trwającej transformacji organizacyjnej Unii Europejskiej. Polityka zagraniczna wobec najbliższych sąsiadów wydaje się być rzeczą kluczową dla funkcjonowania bytu, jakim jest Unia Europejska. Fakt okresowego poszerzania UE oraz olbrzymi jej obszar powoduje, że polityka wobec sąsiadów musi być niezwykle elastyczna, dostosowana indywidualnie do określonej grupy partnerów, z jednoczesnym uwzględnieniem interesów Unii.

EN

The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and our neighbors and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all. In order to realize the vision of building an increasingly closer relationship with our neighbors, and a zone of stability, security and prosperity for all, the EU and each ENP partner reach agreement on reform objectives across a wide range of fields within certain ‘common’ areas such as cooperation on political and security issues, to economic and trade matters, mobility, environment, integration of transport and energy networks or scientific and cultural cooperation. The EU provides financial and technical assistance to support the implementation of these objectives, in support of partners’ own efforts. During the Barcelona Conference in November 1995, the foreign ministers of the 15 member states and the 12 TCMs, from then on ‘partners’ (Maghreb and Mashrek countries including the Palestinian Authority as well as Israel, Turkey, Malta and Cyprus) officially approved the principle of the creation of a Euro-Mediterranean free-trade economic zone. This article shows how this cooperation is connected with The European Neighborhood Policy.