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1 Polish Journal of Ecology

1 2010

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Habitat parameters and breeding density of Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi Pelzeln in Southern Turkey

Albayrak T., Bairlein F., Erdmenger F.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2010

Vol. 58, nr 3

545-552

Kruper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi, Passeriformes) is small-area confined species and it mainly occurs in Anatolia in Turkey, but small numbers are found on the adjacent Lesvos Island and the Caucasus region. It is considered as a "near" threatened species by IUCN. Breeding success of Kruper's Nuthatchs, which use nest cavities excavated by woodpeckers or make their own entrance holes in slightly decayed old tree trunks, is about 72% fledged birds and main food is composed of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Although this species is mainly confined to red pine (Pinus brutia) forest, it occurs also in the other coniferous habitats. Kruper's Nuthatch was surveyed in four regions of Mediterranean Turkey: the Antalya, Central Taurus, Aladaglar region and Amanos Mountains on an area of 27.9 km2. Total of 395 point counts were taken in coniferous forests during the breeding season 2005 to explore the factors which affect the population distribution and density. For each point counts following habitat parameters were measured: (1) height of canopy top, (2) height of canopy bottom, (3) tree diameter at breast height, (4) percentage cover (5) average distance between two trees, (6) total number of strata of vegetation and topographic data (altitude, degree of slope, direction of slope, soil texture). The average density of Kruper's Nuthatch recorded in the all sites was 7.38 [plus or minus] 0.57 birds km[^-2]. However, it differs between regions (ANOVA; P <0.0001) with highest density in the Antalya region (12.10 [plus or minus] 2.10 birds km[^-]2), and a decrease to the east with lowest density in the Amanos Mountains (2.42 [plus or minus] 0.98 birds km[^-]2). Kruper's Nuthatch breeding density was higher in high altitude and in black pine (Pinus nigra) forest. The highest mean density was found in black pine forests (12.69 [plus or minus] 2.4 birds km[^-]2; n = 29), followed by Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) forest (11.61 [plus or minus] 2 birds km[^-]2; n = 39), Lebano cedar forest (Cedrus libani) (8.49 [plus or minus] 1.8 birds km[^-2]; n = 25) and red pine (Pinus burutia) forest (7.75 [plus or minus] 0.9 birds km[^-2]; n = 188) respectively. We also found a negative correlation between the densities of Kruper's Nuthatch and the total number of strata of the vegetation. High number of the birds occurs in more open coniferous forests. Mature coniferous forests especially black pine forests at high altitudes should be preserved for its conservation in Antalya region.