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1

Evaluation of the energy efficiency of electric vehicle drivetrains under urban operating conditions

Kropiwnicki Jacek, Gawłas Tomasz

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 4

28--34

EN

In electric vehicles, as in hybrids vehicles, a very important factor affecting the energy efficiency of the power-train is the ability to use the regenerative braking energy. Depending on the settings available in electric vehicles, the driver can choose different modes of operation: switch off the regenerative braking mode altogether, select the intensity of regenerative braking, or leave the control system in automatic mode. The last mode is often the only one available on eclectic vehicles, so the driver cannot decide whether to switch off or increase intensity of the regenerative braking. This paper presents a new method for evaluating the energy efficiency of electric vehicle powertrains under urban operating conditions. The presented method uses a procedure for mapping the operating conditions allowing to determine the reference level of energy consumption in relation to those recorded during the identification tests. Identification tests were carried out in the Tri-City area using electric vehicles of different purposes and operating parameters. Performed tests allowed to evaluate the regenerative braking efficiency of tested vehicle, which varies over a relatively wide range, for vehicle A from 33 to 77%, for vehicle B from 27 to 55% and for vehicle C from 36 to 58%. It can be concluded that one of the main factors determining the regenerative braking efficiency is the level of state of charge of the accumulator and the management algorithm used by the vehicle for controlling this parameter.

2

The analysis of energy recovered by an electric vehicle during selected braking manoeuvres

Szumska Emilia M., Adriana Skuza, Jurecki Rafał

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

|

Vol. 99, nr 1

18--29

EN

Electrical vehicles have the ability to partially recover some kinetic energy during braking. Kinetic energy is transformed into electric energy, which is fed to the battery by the control system and stored there for further use. The aim of this paper was to analyse the levels of energy recovered by an electric vehicle during braking at various speeds and with different braking intensities. The first phase of testing consisted of vehicle braking tests in real-life conditions. The registered speed profiles were then used as input data for the simulation software. The authors have also analysed the effect of the state of charge of the battery and of the vehicle’s load on the amount of energy recovered during braking. The performed simulation tests demonstrated that the level of recovered energy is significantly affected by the initial braking speed and by the force of pressure applied to the brake pedal. The amount of recovered energy is less affected by the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and by the vehicle’s load. Energy regeneration during braking is currently an important research topic. The efficiency of an electric vehicle depends on the range, which can be extended thanks to the additional energy recovered during braking maneuvers. The presented preliminary simulation results are intended to assess the level of energy recovery in electric vehicles. The authors are aware that a full, comprehensive analysis requires additional research using electric vehicles that will verify the results presented in the paper.

3

Estimation of the regenerative braking process efficiency in electric vehicles

Kropiwnicki Jacek, Gawłas Tomasz

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 2

303--310

EN

In electric and hybrid vehicles, it is possible to recover energy from the braking process and reuse it to drive the vehicle using the batteries installed on-board. In the conditions of city traffic, the energy dissipated in the braking process constitutes a very large share of the total resistance to vehicle motion. Efficient use of the energy from the braking process enables a significant reduction of fuel and electricity consumption for hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively. This document presents an original method used to estimate the efficiency of the regenerative braking process for real traffic conditions. In the method, the potential amount of energy available in the braking process was determined on the basis of recorded real traffic conditions of the analysed vehicle. The balance of energy entering and leaving the battery was determined using the on-board electric energy flow recorder. Based on the adopted model of the drive system, the efficiency of the regenerative braking process was determined. The paper presents the results of road tests of three electric vehicles, operated in the same traffic conditions, for whom the regenerative braking efficiency was determined in accordance with the proposed model. During the identi-fication of the operating conditions of the vehicles, a global positioning system (GPS) measuring system supported by the original method of phenomenological signal correction was used to reduce the error of the measured vehicle’s altitude. In the paper, the efficiency of the re-cuperation process was defined as the ratio of the accumulated energy to the energy available from the braking process and determined for the registered route of the tested vehicle. The obtained results allowed to determine the efficiency of the recuperation process for real traffic conditions. They show that the recuperation system efficiency achieves relatively low values for vehicle No. 1, just 21%, while the highest value was achieved for vehicle No. 3, 77%. Distribution of the results can be directly related to the power of electric motors and battery capacities of the analysed vehicles.

4

Hybrid drivetrain systems 48 V in rally cars

Urbański Bartłomiej, Przybyła Grzegorz

Combustion Engines

|

2021

|

R. 60, nr 4

96--101

EN

This article deals with the issue of using a 48 V hybrid drive system in rallying. Conclusions regarding the selection of elements of the above-mentioned system for further reasearch were presented. An analysis and calculations of the energy recoverable from regenerative braking using the BISG on a given section of the rally were carried out. Conclusions were also drawn regarding further work that will be carried out to successfully implement the above-mentioned systems for rally cars.

5

Regenerative braking as a way to recover lost energy in hybrid vehicles

Soliński Michał

Science, Technology and Innovation

|

2020

|

Vol. 8, no. 1

21--25

EN

The very rapid development of the automotive industry forces designers to implement new solutions. One of them is the construction of braking systems, which can enable the recovery of part of the energy lost during the braking process in hybrid vehicles. The article presents the basic types of hybrid drives currently used in motor vehicles. The principle of operation of the mechanical and electrical energy recovery system had been discussed, and the vehicles in which such solutions had been applied were indicated.

6

The possibility of energy consumption reduction using the ECO driving mode based on the RDC test

Cieślik Wojciech, Szwajca Filip, Golimowski Jacek

Combustion Engines

|

2020

|

R. 59, nr 3

59--69

EN

The greenhouse effect and overall climate changes are the main reasons for developing ecological powertrain units dedicated to road vehicles. An electrical drivetrain without using conventional combustion engines fueled by hydrocarbon fuels is an effective method to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from the fleet. It is particularly vital in 2020 emission regulations aspects, and continuously the number of vehicles increasing. In this paper battery electric drive system of a small size passenger car was analyzed in terms of two different drive modes in cooperation with two recuperative braking modes. The research was carried out with real driving condition test requirements and driving parameters recording. Based on data obtained from OBD signals, energy flow and torque distribution have been specified. In results, overall reducing energy consumption has been achieved with ECO mode compared to normal mode. Selection of the driving mode ECO has a positive impact on reducing the state of charge saving more than 5%, taking into account the whole RDC test; greater energy consumption reductions were observed in selected test areas.

7

Analysis of regenerative braking strategies

Popiołek Krzysztof, Detka Tomasz, Żebrowski Karol, Małek Konrad

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2019

|

R. 95, nr 6

117--123

EN

Theoretical issues related to the use of regenerative braking systems in two-axle vehicles have been presented. In the introduction, the trends observed in the development of vehicles with electric and hybrid drive systems have been described. In the subsequent part of this article, the impact of regenerative braking on driving safety has been analysed, with taking into account the steerability and directional stability of the vehicle. The braking ratio (distribution of braking effort between the front and rear wheels) has been calculated for specific data of a prototype vehicle. Various regenerative braking strategy systems (RBS) divisions as proposed in a number of publications have been presented. For the purposes of this study, simulation tests were carried out according to the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) test procedure for two regenerative braking strategies, referred to as serial and parallel ones. The presentation of simulation test results has been preceded by a description of the method of implementing the aforementioned strategies in an electric vehicle.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne zagadnienia związane z zastosowaniem systemów hamowania odzyskowego w pojazdach dwuosiowych. We wstępie opisane zostały tendencje w rozwoju pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym i hybrydowym. W dalszej części pracy rozważono wpływ hamowania odzyskowego na bezpieczeństwo jazdy, uwzględniając kierowalność i stateczność. Przeprowadzono obliczenia rozkładu sił hamowania dla konkretnych danych pojazdu prototypowego. Przedstawione zostały podziały strategii hamowania odzyskowego proponowane w różnych publikacjach. Na potrzeby niniejszej pracy przeprowadzano badania symulacyjne w cyklu jezdnym NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) dla dwóch strategii hamowania odzyskowego – szeregowej i równoległej. Prezentacja wyników symulacji została poprzedzona opisem sposobu realizacji wymienionych strategii w samochodzie elektrycznym.

8

Analysis of the regenerative braking process for the urban traffic conditions

Kropiwnicki Jacek, Furmanek Mariusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

203--207

EN

In a regular drive system, with an internal combustion engine, vehicle braking is connected with the unproductive dissipation of kinetic and potential energy accumulated in the mass of the vehicle into the environment. This energy can constitute up to 70% of the energy used to drive a vehicle under urban conditions. Its recovery and reuse is one of the basic advantages of hybrid and electric vehicles. Modern traffic management systems as well as navigation systems should take into account the possibility of the energy recovery in the process of regenerative braking. For this purpose, a model of a regenerative braking process may be helpful, which on the one hand will enable to provide information on how traffic conditions will affect the amount of energy dissipated (wasted) into the atmosphere, on the other hand will help to optimize the route of vehicles with regenerative braking systems. This work contains an analysis of the process of the regenerative braking for the urban traffic conditions registered in Gdańsk. A model was also presented that allows calculating the amount of energy available from the braking process depending on the proposed variables characterizing the vehicle traffic conditions.

9

Rozwiązania poprawiające efektywność energetyczną kolei na podstawie testów przeprowadzonych w Wielkiej Brytanii

Taratajcio M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2018

|

R. 94, nr 11

135--139

PL

Z uwagi na ciągły i zmienny ruch pociągów trakcja kolejowa narażona jest na znaczne wahania obciążeń. W artykule przedstawione są problemy wynikające ze specyficznych warunków pracy urządzeń trakcyjnych. Autor omawia następnie rozwiązania pozwalające na ograniczenie lub całkowite zniwelowanie wielu z nich poprzez wykorzystanie potencjału, jaki daje rekuperacja, czyli hamowanie z odzyskiem energii elektrycznej. W kolejnej części omówione zostały testy przeprowadzone w Wielkiej Brytanii z wykorzystaniem baterii akumulatorów do samodzielnego zasilania pociągu na krótkich odcinkach. Na podstawie wyników testów zaprezentowana jest autorska analiza wpływu dodatkowej masy baterii akumulatorów na zużycie energii elektrycznej, jak i na czas przejazdu na wybranych odcinkach kolejowych. Następnie przedstawione zostają możliwości płynące z zarządzania energią z wykorzystaniem baterii akumulatorów w połączeniu z systemem GPS.

EN

The traction electrification system is subject to dynamically changing and moving loads caused by the moving trains. This article talks about problems arising from such specific working regimes that the traction equipment is exposed to. Author then outlines ways of reducing or at least partial solving of many of those problems by using the regenerative braking. The following part of this article presents outcomes of the tests undertaken by Network Rail in East Anglia region of Great Britain where the electric train independently powered by batteries was running on circa 70 km long section of the route. Based on the results of these tests author analyses the effect of the additional mass of the battery rafts on the train’s total energy consumption and journey time on chosen routes. At the end of the article author talks about the key potential benefits of the smart energy management using the on-board energy storage devices together with the GPS system.

10

Optimization of the efficiency of braking energy recovery in rail transport by changing arrival time

Urbaniak M., Kardas-Cinal E.

Problemy Kolejnictwa

|

2018

|

Z. 180

133--139

EN

The article refers to the previous work of the authors, in which the model of traffic organization of cooperating trains including the optimization of the use of energy returned to the catenary was presented. In the presented article, the model was modified by changing the main control variable, which affects the efficient use of energy. Departure time was changed for the arrival time of the train to the stop or station. The optimization is done by controlling the arrival time to the station in the acceptable (scheduled) range while maintaining the scheduled departure time. This model assumed optimization using the interval halving method (bisection) to achieve the optimal solution. The modified optimization method has been implemented in the original model of railway traffic organization. It considers the optimal use of energy recovered during electrodynamic braking using the energy transmission strategy to the catenary, assuming the cooperation of a train pair and volume of all recovered energy and stop time at the station.

11

Nowoczesne systemy hamowania wysokowydajnych miejskich samochodów elektrycznych

Kubiesa A., Paszek J., Skoberla R.

Mechanik

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2018

|

R. 91, nr 1

56--58

PL

Szybki rozwój motoryzacji, bazujący na elektrycznych bądź hybrydowych układach napędowych, wymusza na konstruktorach konieczność wdrażania nowych rozwiązań. Jednym z przykładów jest rozwój systemów hamowania. Artykuł jest próbą zaprezentowania, w jaki sposób rozwój systemów hamowania wpłynął na poprawę wydajności pojazdów elektrycznych poprzez zastosowanie hamowania rekuperacyjnego czy wykorzystanie elektromechanicznych systemów hamowania.

EN

Fast and dynamic development of automotive industry, especially in electric and hybrid drive field, forces on engineers elaboration of new solutions in a car design. An example of this process is a braking system. This paper is an attempt to show how modern braking systems help improve energy efficient by implementation of a regenerative braking and use of electromechanically braking systems.

12

Studies of electric drive with hydrostatic support

Grzesikiewicz W., Makowski M., Knap L., Pokorski J.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

265--274

EN

In this article, results of experimental studies concerning the relief of a city car electric drive by means of hydrostatic drive support are presented. Experimental studies were performed using a laboratory station built for this particular purpose. Studies of basic properties of elements of hydraulic system and resistances in the mechanical system were performed. The results of experimental studies of a chosen sub-assembly of hydrostatic drive (i.e. hydro-pneumatic battery) are given. The resistances within mechanical system (flywheel) were determined. In the considered hybrid drive, electric drive is cyclically supported by hydrostatic drive during acceleration or regenerative braking of the vehicle. The results of experimental studies presented in this article were obtained on a designed and built laboratory station representing a model of a lightweight delivery van for city traffic and equipped with the studied hybrid drive. The obtained results suggest that there is a possibility considerably to increase the effectiveness of energy conversion in the electric drive of the vehicle by means of hydrostatic support. By applying the hydrostatic support in the electric drive, the load on the electric battery decreased, which positively influences the length of operation time.

13

Modelowanie reorganizacji ruchu w transporcie szynowym zwiększającej efektywne wykorzystanie energii z hamowania odzyskowego

Urbaniak M., Kardas-Cinal E.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2017

|

z. 118

325--337

PL

We wstępie artykułu przedstawiono metody wykorzystania energii elektrycznej odzyskanej w procesie hamowania elektrodynamicznego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na metodę zwrotu odzyskanej energii do sieci jezdnej i wykorzystania jej przez inne pojazdy szynowe, której efektywne zastosowanie niejednokrotnie wymaga reorganizacji ruchu. W pracy przeanalizowano opisany w literaturze model organizacji ruchu w transporcie szynowym, który uwzględnia optymalizację efektywności hamowania odzyskowego poprzez reorganizację ruchu na sieci i umożliwia kooperację kilku pojazdów (znajdujących się w fazie poboru i oddawania energii elektrycznej do sieci jezdnej). Szczególną uwagę poświęcono formalizmowi matematycznemu modelu oraz uzasadnieniu wynikających z niego możliwości optymalizacji zużycia energii. Zaproponowano także modyfikację modelu w części dotyczącej energii zużywanej przez kooperujące pojazdy. W podsumowaniu streszczono sposób działania modelu. Wskazano jego zalety, ale również możliwość dalszych zmian w poszukiwaniu bardziej efektywnej metody modelowania reorganizacji ruchu zwiększającej wykorzystanie energii z hamowania odzyskowego.

EN

In the introduction the methods of using regenerative energy from electrodynamic braking are presented. Special attention is paid to the method based on the return of recovered energy to the catenary and transferring it to other accelerating rail vehicles, which often requires traffic modification for effective application. In the article we discuss literature approaches to traffic control model of rail transport, which include module for optimization of the efficiency of regenerative braking by modifying the traffic on the network and enabling cooperation of several vehicles (which are in braking or accelerating phases). Analyzing the selected model, we paid main attention to mathematical formalism, modification and clarification of this description. In the conclusion the way the model action was summarized. The advantages and the possibility of modification of this model were indicated.

14

Podstacje trakcyjne prądu stałego z rekuperacją energii hamowania pojazdów

Drozdowski P., Duda A.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2016

|

R. 23, nr 11

39--43

PL

W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano układy przekształtnikowe podstacji trakcyjnych z rekuperacją energii hamowania odzyskowego pojazdów, tj. układ podstawowy z impulsowym falownikiem rekuperacyjnym, w pełni sterowany układ z prostownikiem tyrystorowym i falownikiem impulsowym, układ z mostkiem tyrystorowym pracującym jako falownik i szeregowymi tyrystorami odcinającymi oraz układ z mostkiem tyrystorowym pracującym jako falownik i równoległymi tyrystorami odcinającymi. Wskazano na wady i zalety omawianych rozwiązań oraz przedstawiono metoda uproszczonego obliczenia bilansu energetycznego jazdy i hamowania odzyskowego pojazdu.

EN

The DC traction substations are usually composed of the 3-phase transformer and the output diodę rectifier. So, such deWces do not allow for energy recuperation from the DC side to AC 3-phase mains. The energy recuperation is demanded for regenerative braking of traction drives with pulse converters (inverters for induction motors and choppers for DC motors). In this paper four technical solutions (Fig. 4) allowing for braking energy recuperation are discussed. This can be considered as the modemisation of the existing traction substations in the railway and the municipal traction. Such solutions indicate for three profits: energy recuperation, mechanical brakes saving and enhanced ąuality of traction vehicle control. The proposed converters are compared indicating indMdual advantages and draw-backs. Additionally the method ofsimplified calculation of energy balance of consumed and recuperated energy in the traction network has been presented in Chapter 2.

15

Metody wykorzystania energii z rekuperacji w transporcie szynowym

Urbaniak M., Jacyna M., Kardas-Cinal E.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2016

|

R. 23, nr 12

355--359

PL

W artykule przedstawiony został przegląd metod wykorzystania energii pochodzącej z hamowania odzyskowego. Wśród znanych i stosowanych w praktyce metod wymieniono wykorzystanie odzyskanej energii na nietrakcyjne potrzeby własne pojazdu, magazynowanie odzyskanej energii w zasobnikach (pokładowych lub stacjonarnych) i wykorzystywanie jej w razie potrzeby, transformację i zwrot odzyskanej energii do krajowej sieci zasilania, a także moż-liwość przesyłu odzyskiwanej energii z powrotem do sieci jezdnej i wykorzystanie jej przez inne pojazdy mające zapotrzebowanie na taką energię (np. w fazie rozruchu). Pokrótce omówiono zasady działania wymienionych metod, wskazano ich wady i zalety oraz podano przykłady zastosowania w praktyce. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, że wskazane byłoby połączenie tych metod w zintegrowany system odzysku energii i zaproponowano ogólny schemat takiego systemu.

EN

This article presents a review of methods for management of energy gained from regenerative braking. Among known and applied methods, the following are specified: using the recovered energy for non-traction own needs of the vehicle, storing the recovered energy in energy storage system (on-board or stationary) and its later use when needed, transformation and return of the recovered energy to the domestic power grid, and also the possibility of transferring the recovered energy to the traction network and its use by other vehicles (e.g., in during their acceleration phase). The principles of these methods are shortly described, their advantages and shortcomings are pointed out, and the practical applications are given. In summary, it is concluded that it would be advantageous to combine these methods into an integrated system of energy regeneration and a general scheme of such a system is proposed.

16

Technical and legal determinants of energy conversion in electric vehicle equipped with energy recovery system

Juda Z.

Journal of KONES

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2016

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

193--199

EN

Regenerative braking in electric or hybrid driven vehicles is now commonly used feature. Development of technologies of electrical machines, secondary energy sources, power electronics and control systems allows for more efficient using of this attribute. Regenerative braking system converts the kinetic energy of moving vehicles on this form of energy that you can store in a secondary source of energy. The most common form of energy after conversion is electricity, easy to store in batteries or supercapacitors. There also are known systems with storage of mechanical energy (high-speed flywheels with composite rotors). Drive systems with optional regenerative braking should take into account a number of aspects influencing the process. It is very important to maintain the stability of the vehicle movement during braking. Another important aspect is the cooperation of regenerative braking system with conventional, mechanical brake system of the vehicle driven by a single axis. Sizing of the electrical machine (or machines) is associated with the needs of the propulsion of the vehicle, which limits the amount of absorbed energy in the initial stage of braking. Individual elements of the system energy conversion efficiency chain complexity affect the energetic results of this process. On the energy, efficiency of the process of braking energy recovery affects string conversion efficiency in the individual components of the system. Regenerative braking is the important factor, which could improve electric vehicle market chances, particularly in the city or neighbourhood personal transport. The article contains a description of the technical and legal circumstances of the process of regenerative braking and energy aspects of this process.

17

Simulation studies of target braking accuracy of an underground train driven by an AC motor

Gocek A., Steczek M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Elektrotechnika

|

2016

|

Y. 113, iss. 1-E

67--77

EN

In this paper, a basic function of an Automatic Train Operation (ATO), called target braking, has been discussed. The most important assumptions of this function have been discussed in detail. The SOP-2 system designed by the Technical University of Lodz, in cooperation with Bombardier Transportation (ZWUS), has been presented. In the text, a target braking simulation model created by the authors has been described, which was developed to study the impact of the propulsion system on the target braking accuracy. The simulation results have been presented. The average dispersion of automatic target braking provides train stopping in the most number of cases in the range of 0.53 meters. Target braking values obtained during field tests are in the range from 0.3 to 1 meter. On the basis of the obtained results of target braking, the process conclusions are as follows: rapid deceleration changes cause the so-called jerks, which are negatively perceived by the passengers; braking in a long time causes a decrease in the commercial speed. Currently, the authors have developed a simulation model that includes a DC motor drive, which is in the testing phase.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe funkcje Automatycznej Obsługi Pociągu. Szczegółowo omówiono najważniejsze założenia. Zaprezentowano system SOP-2 zaprojektowany przez Politechnikę Łódzką we współpracy z Bombardier Transportation (ZWUS). W tekście zasymulowano hamowanie docelowe pojazdu z dokładnym opisem układu napędowego oraz przedstawiono wyniki symulacji. Średnie odchylenie od punktu zatrzymania wyniosło 0,53 metra. Uzyskano wartości od 0,3 do 1 metra. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników wyciągnięto następujące wnioski: gwałtowne zmiany opóźnienia nie wpływają korzystnie na pasażerów, długi czas hamowania zmniejsza prędkość handlową pojazdu. Autorzy poszerzyli model silnika DC, który zastosowano w symulacjach.

18

Energy savings by application of supercapacitor storage in trolleybus supplying station – analysis of experimental results

Bartłomiejczyk M., Jarzębowicz L.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Elektrotechnika

|

2016

|

Y. 113, iss. 1-E

17--32

EN

In 2011–2013, stationary supercapacitor storage developed by the Electrotechnical Institute in Warsaw was put into trial operation in the trolleybus substation “Północna” (North) located in Gdynia. The article presents the results recorded during supercapacitor storage operation and discusses the impact of the storage on energy consumption savings. Guidelines for selecting a location for stationary supercapacitor storage were carried out based on exploitation experience.

PL

W latach 2011–2013 na podstacji trolejbusowej Północna w Gdyni testowany był stacjonarny zasobnik superkondensatorowy Instytutu Elektrotechniki w Warszawie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki jego badań. Główny nacisk położono na analizę wpływu warunków ruchowych na efektywność oszczędności zużycia energii za pomocą zasobnika. Wyniki przedstawione w artykule są oparte o dane pomiarowe i mogą stanowić pomoc do określenia miejsc dla instalacji stacjonarnych zasobników superkondensatorowych.

19

Wpływ parametrów sterowania na przebieg procesu hamowania odzyskowego pojazdu elektrycznego

Juda Z., Noga M.

Logistyka

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2015

|

nr 3

1963--1972, CD 1

PL

Współczesne pojazdy z napędem elektrycznym charakteryzują się możliwością odzysku znaczącej części energii kinetycznej w procesie hamowania odzyskowego. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów przeprowadzonych na pojeździe użytkowym z napędem elektrycznym. Próby pomiarowe miały na celu określenie wpływu jednej z nastaw na uzyskiwane parametry robocze pojazdu przy pozostawieniu fabrycznych nastaw dla pozostałych zmiennych sterowania napędem. Wyniki pomiarów wskazują na możliwość takiego uzyskania takiego przebiegu hamowania, która zapewni wysoką sprawność regeneracji energii przy zachowaniu oczekiwanego poziomu komfortu obsługi oraz stabilności ruchu pojazdu. Podczas prób operowano następującymi zmiennymi sterowania: współczynnikiem wypełnienia impulsu dla napięcia twornika, czasem narastania napięcia zasilania twornika, czasem przyrostu prądu wzbudzenia podczas hamowania, maksymalną wartością prądu wzbudzenia podczas hamowania. Na podstawie wyników pomiarów przeprowadzono analizę uzyskanych parametrów roboczych pojazdu.

EN

Modern electric vehicles are characterized by the possibility of recovery of a significant part of the kinetic energy in the process of regenerative braking. The article presents the results of measurements carried out on a utility vehicle with electric drive. Tests were carried out to determine the effect of one of the settings for the obtained operating parameters of the vehicle by leaving the factory settings for the other drive control variables. The measurement results indicate the possibility of such a course of obtaining such braking, which ensures high efficiency energy recovery while maintaining the expected level of comfort and stability of the vehicle. During the trial the following control variables were operated: armature voltage pulse duty cycle, supply voltage rise time, field current time increment during braking, the maximum value of the field current during braking. On the basis of the measurement results obtained operating parameters of the vehicle were analyzed.

20

Uwarunkowania efektywnego stosowania podstacji trakcyjnych ze zwrotem do sieci elektroenergetycznej energii hamowania odzyskowego pociągów w systemie zasilania 3 kV DC

Szeląg A., Maciołek T., Drążek Z., Lewandowski M.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 3

4683--4692, CD 1

PL

W referacie przedstawiono analizę uwarunkowań stosowania falowników w podstacjach trakcyjnych systemu 3 kV DC, w celu zwrotu energii z sieci DC do sieci zasilającej AC a generowanej w procesie hamowania pociągów. Wykazano, poprzez przedstawienie wyników przeprowadzonych symulacji, wpływ zmian w rozkładzie jazdy, a w szczególności gęstości ruchu i czasów przejazdu na poziom wykorzystania energii hamowania odzyskowego. Nawet przy tym samym średnim natężeniu ruchu przy zmianie synchronizacji strumieni ruchu pociągów wystąpiły istotne zmiany efektywności stosowania falowników w podstacjach. Rozwój technologii urządzeń energoelektronicznych oraz wymogi oszczędności zużycia energii będą powodować, że z rozwiązanie z zastosowanie zwrotu energii z systemu trakcji kolejowej 3 kV DC do sieci zasilającej AC staje się coraz bardziej obiecujące. Należy jednak podkreślić, co zaprezentowano w referacie, że efektywność tego rozwiązania silnie zależy od profilu trasy i specyfiki ruchu na linii.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of conditions for the use of inverters in 3 kV DC system traction substations so as to return trains’ braking energy from a DC network to an AC supply network. The level of possible energy effects (savings) was presented for a set timetable. Through the presented results of conducted simulation, one demonstrated the influence of changes in a timetable, traffic density and travel time in particular, on the level of the use of regenerative braking energy. Even at the same, medium traffic density, the change of synchronisation of train traffic flow significantly influenced the effectiveness of application of the inverters in substations. Development of power electronics technology as well as requirements for reducing energy consumption will result in the solution of energy return from a 3 kV DC railway traction system to an AC supply network becoming a more promising one. As stated in the paper, it must however be emphasised that the effectiveness of this solution largely depends on a route profile as well as on the character of traffic on a line.