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Impact of indirect user participation on public transport financing

Poliak Miloš, Tomicová Jana, Reuter Norbert

Archiwum Motoryzacji

2019

Vol. 86, nr 4

65--77

The regional public transport performs with around 11 billion passengers a part of approximately 16.3 % of all passenger transports in Germany. It is financed from tariff revenues (user financing) and, for the most part, through public subsidies. The costs for the regional public transport are only covered by 50 % by direct users. Further 50 % are covered by public funds. The demographic development in Germany and with it declining passenger numbers, legal changes at European and national level as well as the over-indebtedness of public authorities result in a significant change of the framework conditions for the regional public transport. The aim of the paper was to draw up reform proposals for public transport in Germany so that it could continue to meet the four main objectives set. The results of those proposals for reform are transferred to a defined project area enabling to measure specifically the monetary impact. By forecasting the results of the project across the country, we want to verify whether the four main public transport objectives can be achieved using possible additional financial instruments involving indirect users, even under changing conditions, provided the proposed reforms are applied.

Otrzymywanie paliwa wodorowego metodą reformowania gazu ziemnego dla ogniw paliwowych małej mocy

Demusiak G.

Nafta-Gaz

2012

R. 68, nr 10

661-673

W artykule dokonano przeglądu metod wytwarzania paliwa wodorowego metodą reformowania gazu ziemnego dla ogniw paliwowych małej mocy. Przeprowadzono rozpoznanie w zakresie warunków, jakim powinny odpowiadać paliwa wodorowe otrzymywane w procesie reformingu gazu ziemnego, aby mogły być wykorzystywane do zasilania ogniw paliwowych z membraną polimerową (typu PEM) oraz ogniw ceramicznych (typu SOFC). Opisano metody usuwania tych zanieczyszczeń z paliwa węglowodorowego, które mogłyby być wykorzystane w warunkach krajowych oraz sposób prowadzenia reformingu gazu ziemnego i konstrukcje zastosowanych urządzeń. Dokonano wstępnego wyboru metod oczyszczania gazu ziemnego i metod jego reformowania.

Methods of producing hydrogen fuel for low-power fuel cells by natural gas reforming were presented. The requirements for hydrogen fuels produced by natural gas reforming for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) were reviewed. Methods for the removal of contaminants from hydrocarbon fuel that could be used in domestic conditions, ways of natural gas reforming and the construction of reformers were described. A preliminary choice of natural gas purification and processing methods was presented.