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Role of slag in the steel refining process in the ladle

Wcisło Z., Michaliszyn A., Baka A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 2

390--395

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyse the steel refining technology in a ladle furnace including refining slag formation in the ladle. The research was conducted using chromium-nickel- molybdenum steel intended for heat treatment in order to produce crankshafts. Design/methodology/approach: This research was conducted in a ladle furnace with the capacity of 65 Mg of steel. Data from 10 melts were analysed. Samples of refining slag and metal were taken to analyse their chemical composition. On their basis researchers analysed the process of desulphurisation of steel at the ladle furnace workstation. Calculations were made concerning the equilibrium chemical composition of slag to determine the share of gas phase, liquid phase and solid precipitations. The calculations were made using a thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2. Findings: Analysing the process of desulphurisation of steel under slag with the average chemical composition of: CaO - 54.0%, Al2O3 - 30.2%, SiO2 9.0%, MgO - 8.2%, and FeO content at the level of 0.94% drew attention to a high degree of desulphurisation at the level of 86%. Due to this fact it was possible to obtain high basicity of slag: V=CaO/SiO2 at the level of 6.21. Mannesmann index, which characterizes the ability of slag to remove sulphur and non-metallic inclusions from steel and is defined as M=(CaO/SiO2)/Al2O3, amounted to 0.21%-1 and was too low in comparison to the required one ranging from 0.35-0.45%-1. The calculations concerning the equilibrium chemical composition of slag, which determined the share of gas phase, liquid phase and solid precipitations, were performed using the thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2. These calculations showed that there were no solid precipitations present. The refining process under slag used in this research proved to be extremely efficient in terms of desulphurisation. Research limitations/implications: It was concluded that the slag forming technology in the ladle is correct in terms of materials used, both as far as their type and amount are concerned. Deoxidation is efficient. Practical implications: It is important to ensure that the furnace slag does not enter the ladle. As a result, it will be possible to improve the quality of the refining slag. Using the thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2 can contribute to modifying the chemical composition of the refining slag and result in an improvement of refinement as well as a better protection of the refractory lining of the ladle. Originality/value: In order to calculate the equilibrium chemical composition of slag researchers used the thermodynamic software FactSage 6.2. Its use in practice can help select slag forming materials that are characterized by high refining parameters.

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Production of ultra-pure steel intended for forged elements

Michaliszyn A., Wcisło Z., Rydarowicz M

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 55, nr 2

742--747

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyse the technology of making ultra-pure steel intended for casting forging ingots. Forging ingots, whose mass amounts to 8 Mg, are cast using the bottom pouring method after vacuum steel degassing in the ladle. Design/methodology/approach: Data from 24 melts were analysed. Researchers studied not only the final content of oxygen, sulphur and hydrogen after vacuum steel refinement but also the quantitative amount of non-metallic inclusions in forgings made of ingots. A simulation was also conducted. Its purpose was to assess the optimal share of bauxite in the production of refining slag. The simulation was performed using thermodynamic software called FactSage 5.5. Findings: Analysing the final concentration of oxygen dissolved in liquid steel led to a conclusion that approx. 90% of analysed types of steel can be categorized as ultra-pure. The simulation results concerning refining slag formation show that the use of bauxite as a slag forming additive lead to an increase in the liquid phase, and what follows, a decrease in the share of solid precipitations - including the precipitations of lime. Research limitations/implications: It was concluded that all stages of ultra-pure steel production must be conducted conscientiously and meticulously. It is also necessary to improve the conditions of vacuum steel refining process by equipping steelworks with a new vacuum device, e.g. of VOD type. Practical implications: If all stages of steel making are conducted conscientiously and meticulously and the steelworks are equipped with a device for vacuum steel refinement, then the produced steel (from the point of view of quality) can be competitive in the market of the ultra-pure steel intended for forged products. Originality/value: The simulation results concerning the production of refining slag show that the use of bauxite as a slag forming material leads to an increase in the share of liquid phase. Refining steel under a heating layer contributes to the improvement of steel purity - which is measured by analysing the share of surface non-metallic inclusions. Refining steel under refining slag with a basic character and physical properties adapted to the temperature close to the liquidus temperature of steel contributes to a decrease in the amount of non-metallic inclusions, a decrease in their size. It can aslo affect the shape of inclusions - making them almost spherical in shape. This method should be optimised and further research should be conducted into improving the purity of steel intended for forged shafts for the power industry.

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The property estimation of copper alloys refining slag with the stimulators addition use the database

Biernat S., Bydałek A. W., Schlafka P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 11, iss. 2 spec.

9--12

EN

The paper presents the analysis and investigation of the state of art in the field of metallurgy copper alloy in the reduction conduction. This article contains information concerning the analysis of the possibility of defining refinery qualities of slag based of the thermophysical and thermodynamical data. The isues presented deals not only with refining copper and melting stages, but also the idea of building an optimization program. In its assumption the program is supposed to check and search specific data very quickly on the particular types of slag. In the presented work it has been decided to show the results of the industrial investigations obtained with reference to copper alloys in the reduced melting conduction.

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The estimation of quality refining covers

Biernat S., Bydałek A. W.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.

181--188

EN

This article contains information concerning of the analysis the possibility of defining refinery qualities of the slag based thermophysical and thermodynamical data. The paper presents a model of slag refining processes and a method of determining the reduction capability of slag solutions. Slag was analysed with the use of the DTA methods. The study of computer programme including the satisfactory number of data, both thermodynamical how and experimental - gathered with literature and own investiganion, the simpler qualification of optimum proprieties of slags would make possible. Settled by programme of areas the verification it is possible to the end to conduct in the support about proposed by A. W. Bydałek method of the modelling processes of refinement from it utilization the derivatograph or directly in conditions industrial. The isues presented deals not only with refining copper and melting stages, but also of the idea building an optimization program. In its assumption the program is supposed to check and search specific data very quickly on the particular types of slag..User starting programme should have the possibility of choice kind of the information.

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Zastosowanie żużli rafinacyjnych w metalurgii kadziowej

Wcisło Z., Michaliszyn A.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

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2006

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T. 58, nr 4

51-53

PL

W pracy przedstawiono efekty zastosowania żużli wapienno-glinowych przy rafinacji w kadzi stali poddanej procesowi argonowania. Mieszanie argonem stali pod żużlem rafinacyjnym powoduje ograniczenie zgaru glinu, oraz zmniejsza zawartość siarki w stali.

EN

The effects of using limestone-aluminite slags in ladle metallurgy during argon stirring were presented. The use of refining slag when mixing steel during argon stirring results in reduction in loss of aluminum as well as content of sulphur in steel.

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Model odsiarczania kąpieli metalowej w kadzi - obliczanie odtleniaczy i składników żużlotwórczych

Kawecka-Cebuka E., Pytel K., Karbowniczek M., Reichel J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2003

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Vol. 70, nr 4

136--142

PL

Rafinacja kąpieli metalowej w kadzi decyduje o własnościach uzyskiwanej stali. Jednym z warunków jest uzyskanie zawartości siarki odpowiednim poziomie. W artykule zaproponowano model obliczania ilości materiałów odtleniających kąpiel metalową oraz dobc materiałów żużlotwórczych, zapewniających zakładany wysoki stopień odsiarczenia. Realizacja modelu odbywa się poprzez ustalei składu chemicznego żużla rafinującego w kadzi, cechującego się odpowiednią pojemnością siarczkową.

EN

Ladle rafination of steel determines properties of produced steel. One of required conditions is to obtain sulphur content at a adequate lex Calculation model of quantity of deoxidizers and slag forming additions for high desulphurization extent has been suggested. The moi allows to calculate the chemical composition of refining slag exhibiting adequate sulphide capacity.

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Topienie wybranych stopów miedzi w warunkach redukujących

Bydałek A. W.

Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów

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1999

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R. 1, nr 40

88--92

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zastosowaniem nowych reagentów żużli rafinacyjnych w procesach topienia złomów i przetapiania w warunkach odlewniczych. Na podstawie analiz właściwości otrzymywanych stopów dokonano wyboru najkorzystniejszych reagentów dla mosiądzu MO59 i brązu B101.

EN

Apart from high quality brass and bronze, a considerable reduction of melting losses was also observed. The experiments on CuZn39Pb2 brass melting proved that optimum is achieved while using technical carbide, aluminium and as stimulator NaCl with NaF. A refiner of commercial name RZ was introduced to foundry and scrap processing industry. The experiments on CuSn10P bronze melting proved to until conclusion - best is reagent consist with mangan, technical carbide and carbon. This assented as a confirmation of the following foundations that reduction conductions should be chosen on copper alloys deliberately but the essential emphasis should be put on properly elaborated factors of multistage reaction with essential usage of suitable stimulators.