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Clasts derived from rhizocretions in shallow-marine Miocene clastic deposits of northern Hungary: an example of zombie structures

Uchman Alfred, Dávid Árpád, Fodor Rozália

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 4

EN

Disc- and cylindrical-shaped clasts of fine-grained calcareous and ferruginous rock, each with a central tunnel, occur in shallow marine brackish Miocene sandy deposits of the Egyházasgerge Formation in Hungary. Previously, these have been interpreted as enigmatic biogenic (?) structures. After field and laboratory examination and comparisons with sub-recent rhizoclasts in subsoils developed on Quaternary fine-grained deposits in SE Poland, they are re-interpreted as redeposited rhizocretions possibly washed out of the coeval continental deposits of the Salgótarján Lignite Formation. Most are fragmented and abraded. They are termed rhizoclasts and are presented as an example of zombie structures inherited from another environment where they played a different role. Such rhizoclasts can be considered as an indicator of the source of the clastic material transported from a vegetated landmass on which moderate or poorly drained soils develop and plant roots penetrate the fine-grained substrate. In such soils, iron was mobilized, then fixed by oxidation, as the water table and oxygen levels fluctuated.

2

Współczesne obszary występowania mołdawitów : wnioski z eksperymentu transportowania ich przez Nysę Łużycką

Brachaniec Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 1

61--65

EN

Tektites in the sedimentary recordare subject to many geological processes such as fluvial reworking. To observe the glass behaviour during reworking, an experiment was conducted in the Lusatia Neisse river where moldavites are found. It consisted in observing the progressive abrasion of some 500 tektites over reworking distances of 100, 200, 300, and 400 km respectively. The results clearly show that moldavites could survive reworkingover a distance of several hundreds km. The decrease in weight was linear in relation to the distance travelled. Regardless of the initial shape, all tektites became rounded with a smooth surface after travelling 200 km. The experimental results suggest that European tektites were ejected from the Ries crater over distances reaching up to 600 km and were then reworked over short distances from the origin areas of the current substrewn fields.

3

Susceptibility of various tektite types to fluvial abrasion

Brachaniec Tomasz

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 1

150--161

EN

Tektites are glass bodies, rich in silica, resulting from the impact of a large bolide into ground rocks. Similar to other impactites they are prone to erosive processes, including fluvial abrasion. This study reports the results of an experimental tumbling that aimed at estimating the potential distance that tektites from different strewn fields (moldavites, bediasites and indochinites) and Libyan Desert Glass (LDG) can withstand depending on the experimental conditions. The present study consisted of 15 cycles, in which the type of sample deposits (i.e. sand/gravel ratio) and computed transport velocity were changed, the latter being estimated at 2.5-6.5 km/h. The results clearly confirm the susceptibility of tektites to abrasion during tumbling. None of the tektites withstood the estimated distance of 12 km during the experiment, but this may have been the result of the relatively small initial size of the glasses (~1.5 g). These experiments document that LDG, despite its even smaller initial size in the experiments, can resist abrasion and fragmentation better than the tektites, thus, could probably be transported farther in a stream environment. This is most likely caused by a much higher silica content in relation to the tektites from other groups. The estimated maximum transport distances, over which moldavites, bediasites and indochinites survived in the experiments, are all very similar. The greatest weight loss for all the specimens was found after the first estimated 2 km of tumbling. This is undoubtedly caused by the irregular initial shape of the tektites and LDG. Subsequent observations recorded minor weight losses, in association with more and more rounded glass shapes. The results of the study should be treated only as a general scheme for the fluvial abrasion of tektites, due to the inability to accurately reproduce the natural fluvial environment.

4

Miospore evidence for the Carboniferous age of rocks from the Świebodzice Unit (Sudetes, SW Poland)

Pluta K., Górecka-Nowak A.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 1

120--133

EN

The paper provides new results of palynological studies of rocks from the Świebodzice Unit. An abundant Carboniferous miospores were found in rocks of the Pogorzała Formation from the southern part of this unit. These miospores occur in rocks containing also macrofloral and marine macrofaunal fossils, partly reworked, which were usually considered Upper Devonian. Two miospore sub-assemblages of different ages and colours have been distinguished. One of them consists of poorly preserved miospores, dark in colour, which indicate the Late Visean–Serpukhovian age of the rocks. The other sub-assemblage, found only in a few samples, consists of much lighter and well-preserved miospores of the Asturian age. Their presence is considered as a result of stratigraphical leakage. Observation of the miospore colour indicates that the thermal event occurred after the Late Devonian and before the Asturian and the palaeotemperature exceeded ~180°C. These new data indicate that the geological history of the Świebodzice Unit lasted longer and was much complex than it was previously considered.

5

Origin of parautochthonous Polish moldavites : a palaeogeographical and petrographical study

Szopa K., Badura J., Brachaniec T., Chew D., Karwowski Ł.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2017

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Vol. 87, No. 1

1--12

EN

In this article, the most recent moldavite discoveries in Poland and their host sediments are characterised and discussed. They were discovered at Lasów, located about 8 km north of Zgorzelec (Poland) and Görlitz (Germany), about 700 m from the Polish-German border, close to the Lusatian Neisse (Nysa) River. The tektites were collected from Vistulian (Wiechselian) glacial age sand and gravel of a closed quarry pit, associated with the river terraces. In the Lasów area, the moldavite-bearing sediments are Pleistocene in age and represent Lusatian Neisse terrace deposits. They were redeposited from the upper part of the drainage basin of the Lusatian Neisse, probably washed out from the Miocene sediments that filled the Zittau Depression, the Berzdorf–Radomierzyce Depression, the Višňová Depression and the tectonically uplifted Izera Mts. and Działoszyn Depression. The erosion of Miocene deposit occured on a large scale in the uplifted foothills of the Upper Miocene Izera, Lusatia and Kaczawa complexes. The sediment cover was removed from the Działoszyn Depression. The drainage basin of the Lusatian Neisse is the area where moldavites were formed by the Nördlinger Ries impact. The source area of moldavite is the same for the Miocene deposits around Gozdnica, as well as for the Pleistocene sediments at Lasów.

6

Wykorzystanie biegaczowatych jako biowskaźników do oceny stanu środowiska przyrodniczego koryt i brzegów rzek górskich o różnym stopniu przekształcenia

Kędzior R, Skalski T

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2013

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Nr 32

95--105

PL

Celem pracy była weryfikacja czy występowanie materiału żwirowiskowego w korytach rzecznych stanowi jedyny czynnik odpowiedzialny za utrzymanie elementów biotycznych związanych ze środowiskami w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie linii brzegowej. Badania terenowe prowadzono w przekrojach potoku górskiego Porębianka, o bardzo dobrze poznanej strukturze geomorfologicznej i posiadającej równocześnie silnie zmodyfikowane przez człowieka koryto. Występują tam odcinki, gdzie następuje silne wcinanie dna koryta, często aż do warstwy skały macierzystej, oraz miejsca, w których następuje redepozycja materiału żwirowego. Do analiz wybrano dziesięć przekrojów o zróżnicowanym stopniu modyfikacji koryta i brzegu. Wyniki wskazują, że czynnikami decydującymi o występowaniu organizmów nadrzecznych jest konieczność częstego zalewania środowisk nadbrzeżnych. Regulacje koryta i brzegów potoku oraz silne erozja wgłębna powodują zanik organizmów związanych z tym typem ekosystemu.

EN

The aim of the investigation was to estimate factors responsible for sustaining riverine communities in stream sections with various bank regulation systems. The research were conducted on Porebianka stream in the Polish Western Carpathians, where 10 different types of river regulations were chosen for the analysis (strong incision without alluvial deposits, redeposition with sand and gravel banks, concrete revetment walls along the banks, channel with banks lined with rip-rap and reference unmanaged cross- section). We conclude that the carabid beetles assemblages of the studied river sections respond mainly to hydraulic parameters of the stream. Elimination of frequent natural bank inundation (due to the regulations of the banks) is the main factor responsible for the impoverishment and extinction of riverine communities.

7

Radiocarbon ages of bones from Vistulian (Weichselian) cave deposits in Poland and their stratigraphy

Lorenc M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2013

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Vol. 63, no. 3

399--424

EN

Twenty-six bone samples from cave sediments mainly of Vistulian (Weichselian) age were radiocarbon (AMS) dated. The material comes from seven localities in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland and in Podhale (southern Poland). These are: the Komarowa Cave, the Deszczowa Cave, the Upper Rock Shelter of the Deszczowa Cave, the cave in Dziadowa Skala, the Saspowska Zachodnia Cave, the Mamutowa Cave and the Oblazowa Cave. The obtained radiocarbon ages of most of the samples differs from their stratigraphy as formerly proposed. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Also examined were the radiocarbon ages of bones from other caves in the study area. Most of the dated bones are shown to have come from relatively short time periods. The existing data on radiocarbon age of bones from Vistulian cave deposits of the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland and Podhale are summarized.

8

Litologia i zespół akritarchowy formacji z Zalesia w Górach Świętokrzyskich na tle zmian poziomu morza i paleogeografii późnego ordowiku

Trela W., Szczepanik Z.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

147-157

EN

The uppermost Ordovician in the Holy Cross Mountains is represented by sandy mudstones, sandstones and marls of the Zalesie Formation deposited during the Hirnantian regression. Two arcitarch assemblages were recognized in the studied Upper Ordovician succession of the southern Holy Cross Mountains. The first one is dominated by species of Baltisphaeridium, Polygonium, Exculibranchium, Orthosphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Peteinosphaeridium, Multiplicisphaeridium, which occur in the upper Caradoc deposits. Upward in the section, these taxa are replaced mainly by diversified species of Veryhachium occurring together with Domasia, Deunfia, Leiofusa, Polygonium, Cheleutochroa, Multiplicisphaeridium and Polygonium. In the Zalesie Formation (upper Ashgill) they are accompanied by the redeposited Furongian/Lower Ordovician specimens and the Middle Ordovician species of the peri-Gondwanian affinity (e.g. Frankea), which were likely transported from Avalonia during collision of this terrane with Baltica.

9

Palynological data from the Siciny IG 1 and Marcinki IG 1 bore holes and their significance to the interpretation of the Carboniferous succession of SW Poland

Górecka-Nowak A.

Geological Quarterly

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2009

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Vol. 53, No 2

167-186

EN

This paper describes in detail palynological data from the Carboniferous siliciclastic rock succession from the Siciny IG 1 and Marcinki IG 1 boreholes (SW Poland), that allow reinterpretation of the local stratigraphy. Two rock series of different ages were recognized. Rocks from the Siciny IG 1 section were assigned to the upper Arnsbergian–Alportian (the Lycospora subtriquetra–Kraeuselisporites ornatus (SO) Biozone) and the Bolsovian (the Torispora securis–Torispora laevigata (SL) Biozone). In the upper part of the Carboniferous section in the Marcinki IG 1 section the upper Arnsbergian–Alportian and Duckmantian interval (the Lycospora subtriquetra–Kraeuselisporites ornatus (SO) and the Microreticulatisporites nobilis–Florinites junior (NJ) biozones respectively) were recognized, although the quality of the palynological data from the latter borehole was generally poor. These results conflict with a Viséan age for these rocks interpreted from fossil marine macrofaunas and indicate the reworked nature of the macrofaunas. Possible means of the macrofaunal reworking, sedimentary environment and thermal history, based on the palynological data, are discussed. Repetition of the stratigraphical succession, probably due totectonic deformation of the rocks in both sections, is demonstrated and indicate a post-Bolsovian age for the deformation event.

10

The phosphatized sponges from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Wielkanoc Quarry (southern Poland) as a tool in stratigraphical and environmental studies

Olszewska-Nejbert D., Świerczewska-Gładysz E.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 4

483-504

EN

Phosphatized sponges from the Santonian of the Wielkanoc Quarry are represented by 11 species of Hexactinosida and 16 species of Lychniscosida. Their species composition is most similar to the Micraster coranguinum Zone fauna (Middle Coniacian - Middle Santonian) of England. Three preservational groups of sponges are distinguished: 'white', 'beige' and 'dark'. They are infilled by phosphatized foraminiferal/foraminiferal-calcisphere wackestone and are contained in the marly calcareous inoceramid packstone. The sponges indicate a calm and relatively deep (> 100 m) life environment. After burial, phosphatization and exhumation, the fossil sponges were redeposited in Upper Santonian strata. The 'white' and 'beige' groups were transported laterally over a very short distance or represent lag deposits. The rolled and crushed sponges of the 'dark' group were exhumed and phosphatized more than once. They could be redeposited (reworked) nearly in the same place and/or transported from some longer distances (but not from outside the Cracow Swell). The phosphatized sponges document the former presence in the area of part of theMiddle Coniacian through Middle Santonian succession, which was removed secondarily by subsequent erosion.

11

Palynological constraints on the age of the Carboniferous clastic succession of SW Poland (Fore-Sudetic area) based on miospore data

Górecka-Nowak A.

Geological Quarterly

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2007

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Vol. 51, No 1

39-56

EN

New palynological studies of the Carboniferous clastic deposits of SW Poland from six deep boreholes have provided diverse, but poorly preserved miospore assemblages. Probably all of these are mixed, consisting of taxa typical of the in terval from the Famennian to the Namurian. Namurian A deposits have been identified in the Paproć 29 and Katarzynin 2 boreholes. The stratigraphic position of rocks from other profiles, where miospores were more badly preserved, has been established in a more general way. In the Objezierze IG 1 borehole the rocks were dated as not older than late Viséan while rocks from the Kalisz IG 1, Dankowice IG 1 and Dymek IG 1 boreholes are considered as not older than Viséan. The abundance of reworked miospores in rocks from the Paproć 29 and Katarzynin 2 boreholes is proof that cannibalzation of older rocks containing miospores took place in this sedimentary basin in the early Namurian. Source rocks belonged either to the Famennian-Tournaisian and Viséan or to a Viséan inter valcontaining Famennian-Tournaisian reworked miospores. Some observations on the limitations of the stratigraphical interpretation of those mixed and poorly preserved miospore assemblages are provided.

12

Pochodzenie sfosfatyzowanych gąbek z warstwy dańskiego piaskowca glaukonitowego z Nasiłowa (dolina środkowej Wisły)

Świerczewska-Gładysz E., Olszewska-Nejbert D.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 8

710-719

EN

The sponge fauna from the Danian glauconitic sandstone as exposed at Nasiłów, contains all species known from the underlying Upper Maastrichtian siliceous chalk and, additionally, some species not documented hitherto from the latter unit. The stratigraphic ranges of the all studied sponges indicate their Late Maastrichtian age; there are no Danian sponges in the glauconitic sandstone. Two assemblages of sponges may be distinguished in the glauconitic sandstone, based on the analysis of the infilling of their interspicular space: 1) sponges infilled with phosphatized siliceous chalk and 2) sponges infilled with phosphatized glauconitic siliceous chalk. Petrographic study indicates that the host deposit of the first assemblage was a siliceous chalk. The second type originated from a glauconitic siliceous chalk unit, probably equivalent to the so-called Żyrzyn Beds of Late Maastrichtian age. The glauconitic chalk orginally overlain the siliceous chalk at Nasiłów, but has been subsequently eroded. Detailed analysis of the relations between two types of infillings allows to distinguish a latest Maastrichtian stage of erosion after deposition of the siliceous chalk, not recognised by previous authors. In this erosional stage, phosphatized sponges originally embedded in siliceous chalk were re-exposed and subsequently buried during the deposition of the glauconitic siliceous chalk unit.

13

Nowe dane palinologiczne na temat wieku otoczaków węgla kamiennego z formacji dębowieckiej miocenu, z otworu wiertniczego Kozy MT3 (Śląsk Cieszyński)

Chylarecka A., Filipiak P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 3

254-258

EN

Carboniferous coal pebbles, were sampled for palynomorphs in the Dębowiec Formation (Miocene), from the Kozy MT3 borehole near (Bielsko-Biała). Five samples contained organic material useful for biostratigraphy. Based on miospore species, three Western Europe an miospore zones were recognized: ?KV (Crassispora kosankei-Grumosisporites varioreticulatus), FR (Raistrickia fulva-Reticulatisporites reticulatus) from the Namurian?B and C, respectively, and SS (Triquitrites sinani-Cirratriradites saturni) from the Westphalian A.

14

Timing of the onset of Devonian sedimentation in northwestern Poalnd: palynological evidence

Turnau E., Matyja H.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2001

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Vol. 71, No 2

67-74

EN

Palynomorph assemblages of low taxonomic diversity are recorded from the basal Devonian strata in three boreholes in western Pomerania and Kujawy. The palynoflora is assigned to a younger, autochtonous assemblage, and an older, redeposited one. The composition of the younger assemblage suggests lower to middle Eifelian. The older palynomorphs are derived from (1) Upper Ordovician or Lower Silurian, and (2) probably from Upper Silurian deposits.