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The review of technologies and machines destined for recycling of polymer composites

Gnatowski A., Mirek K.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

2018

T. 6

239--251

The paper presents technologies of dealing with waste made from polymer composites, especially that reinforced with fibers. It also presents machines used for recycling. Finally, it gives conditions of choosing technologies for waste disposal.

W artykule przedstawiono technologie przetwórstwa odpadów z materiałów kompozytowych z osnową polimerową, w szczególności wzmocnionych włóknami. Zaprezentowano również maszyny stosowane do recyklingu. Podano warunki doboru technologii utylizacji.

Chrom jako pierwiastek i składnik odpadów niebezpiecznych

Bojanowska I.

Ekologia i Technika

2000

R. 8, nr 1

15-21

Chromium occurs commonly in the Earth surface though it contains only 0.02% of all earth's, which are researched. This metal forms a wide variety of the chemical compounds. On the basis of the electronic structure it may be expected that chromium will occur in the oxidation state range from (+I) to (+VI). The diagrams of oxidation states show (III) as the most stable oxidation number. Ions of chromium (II) are very strong reducing agents and form colourful complexes. Ions of chromium (III) from a lot of various octahedral complexes, were the coordination number of chromium is 6. Chromium (VI) compounds are strong oxidizing agents which govern their toxicity. Chromium as an element is present in the environment in the different minerals structuresm which are the sources of chromium and its compounds. Chromium compounds are necessary in a wide variety of industry. Solid wastes and wastewater containing chromium (VI) are produced in the various branches of industry, where the element is used and also during the minerals' mining and futher treatment. Especially compounds of chromium (VI) are thought to be most dangerous substances to people and biocoenosis. Knowledge of the production processes and thy way of formming of solid wastes and wastewater should contribute to create the methods of chromium recovery and recycling technologies. One of these methods is the extraction.