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EN
In this paper, the influence of shape samples on tension strength parallel to grain of beech wood have been analyzed. The cylindrical samples with conical tapering and with funnel tapering were used. Both types of cylindrical samples were compared with one-sided tapered standard samples with a rectangular cross-section. Experimental outcome indicates that cylindrical samples have higher tension strength than rectangular standard ones. Whereas shape of tapering in cylindrical samples (conical or funnel) was not statistically significant. Furthermore the presentation and reanalysis of data concerning use of cylindrical samples made of seven domestic wood species from the doctoral dissertation were performed. Comparison of that data with source data about tension strength of standard rectangular samples, have proven higher tension strength parallel to grain of cylindrical samples.
EN
US A356 and US 413 cast aluminium alloys shrinkage characteristic have been discussed in the present study. Specific volume reduction leads to shrinkage in castings and it can be envisaged as a casting defect. Finite difference based casting process simulation software has been used to study the shrinkage characteristic and it is quantified using mathematical formulae. The three dimensional model of the shrinkage defect has been constructed using CAD application software. Shrinkage characteristic has also been quantified through experimental validation studies and compared well with casting process simulation. Shrinkage characteristic study and control is essential for producing defect free castings. Influence of casting shape on the shrinkage characteristic has been studied in this paper.
3
Content available Tunelowanie o przekroju prostokątnym
PL
Przedstawiono metody budowy tuneli o przekroju prostokątnym. Skoncentrowano się na metodach bezwykopowych z uwagi na nieutrudnianie ruchu ulicznego. Przeanalizowano wybrane przykłady urządzeń tarczowych o przekrojach prostokątnych (wraz z kwadratowymi), a także zbliżonych do prostokątnych oraz zaprezentowano przykładowe realizacje tuneli z wykorzystaniem opisanych urządzeń.
EN
The available no-dig methods of rectangular tunnels construction were presented. The authors focused on trenchless technologies as they do not disturb on ground traffic. Chosen examples of rectangular shield machines (including the square ones) as well as quasi rectangular ones were analyzed. The examples of tunnels built using described machines were also presented.
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