Ograniczanie wyników
Czasopisma help
Autorzy help
Lata help
Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 21

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
Wyszukiwano:
w słowach kluczowych:  reasoning
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
PL
Architektura jest dziedziną nauki i sztuki, w której badania naukowe prowadzące do rozwoju naszej wiedzy powinny odgrywać zasadniczą rolę. Im większa wiedza o otaczającym nas świecie i o nas samych, tym jesteśmy w stanie zaprojektować lepsze obiekty budowlane. Badania naukowe mogą więc być związane ze wszystkimi aspektami projektowania budynków, budowli i krajobrazu, projektowania wnętrz, projektowania detali architektonicznych, wznoszenia obiektów budowlanych i zagospodarowania terenu, funkcjonowania budynków, budowli i terenu obecnie, lub w przeszłości, renowacji, konserwacji, przebudowy i rozbudowy istniejących obiektów budowlanych, etc. Istotą tych badań jest właśnie zdobywanie nowej wiedzy i poszerzanie naszych horyzontów myślowych, co jest możliwe tylko i wyłącznie po zmianie stereotypowego podejścia do poszczególnych problemów architektonicznych. Niniejszy artykuł, którego głównym celem jest nawiązanie dyskursu naukowego, dotyczącego powyższej tematyki, przedstawia nowoczesną, proekologiczną koncepcję badań naukowych w dziedzinie architektury wraz z obrazem związanych z nią kontrowersji.
EN
Architecture is a field of science and art in which research leading to the advancement of our knowledge should play an essential role. The more we know about the world around us and about ourselves, the better building structures we are able to design. Scientific research can, therefore, be related to all aspects of building, structure and landscape design, interior design, designing architectural details, erection of buildings and land development, functioning of buildings, structures and land now or in the past, renovation, maintenance, reconstruction and expansion of existing facilities construction, etc. The essence of the above-mentioned research is, precisely, the acquisition of new knowledge and broadening our mental horizons, which is possible only and exclusively if we stop the stereotypical approach to particular architectural problems. This article, the purpose of which is to establish a scientific discourse on the subject, presents a modern, pro-ecological concept of scientific research in the field of architecture along with the related controversy.
EN
Creating diagrams is an occasion for a sophisticated analysis of notions and exploring their meaning. It is also a form of direct contact with psychological phenomena and juxtaposing intuition and deduction as sources of cognition. Analysis of the development of philosophical stances can present the process of a departure from the classical view that holds that this argumentation can have a purely formal character (while the role of intuition is significantly reduced). The by-product shall be an explanation of often encountered simplifications associated with understanding both positions associated with their extreme versions: the intuitive relict or the version of formalism that produces an impression of being a sterile and even absurd argument. I argue in favour of the utility of both positions, as they can present interesting aspects of certain problems in architectural proofs at different stages of design, and used to distinguish different diagrams.
PL
Tworzenie diagramów to okazja do wyrafinowanej analizy pojęć i swoistego wnikania w ich treść. To również bezpośredni kontakt ze zjawiskami o charakterze psychologicznymi i przeciwstawieniem intuicji i dedukcji, jako źródeł poznania. Analiza rozwoju stanowisk filozoficznych pozwoli na ukazanie procesu odchodzenia od poglądu klasycznego w myśl, którego w sposób intuicyjny ujmujemy poszczególne etapy rozumowania na rzecz poglądu zgodnie, z którym ta argumentacja może mieć charakter czysto formalny (zaś rola intuicji zostaje mocno zredukowana). Natomiast „produktem ubocznym” będzie wyjaśnienie, pewnych często spotykanych uproszczeń związanych ze zrozumieniem obu stanowisk utożsamianych ze skrajnymi ich wersjami. Intuicyjnego reliktu bądź wersją formalizmu sprawiającej wrażenie, że jest to stanowisko jałowe i wręcz absurdalne. Chcę podkreślić użyteczność obu stanowisk, gdyż pozwalają one na ukazanie ciekawych aspektów problemów w dowodach architektonicznych, na rożnych etapach projektowania i wyodrębnienie różnych diagramów.
EN
Background: The most important contemporary methodological problems in the study of supply chains include creating and verifying hypotheses and theories as well as selecting appropriate research schemes. An acceptance of the different ways to explain problems (induction, deduction or abduction) is key. It should be remembered that interesting and useful results can be achieved only with well-formulated questions and research problems. All of these issues relate to the need to strengthen methodological rigor within the research into supply chains. Methods: The primary method employed in this article is critical analysis. This article focuses on the most important issues related to the construction of a theory and its verification, as well as the issue of the pattern of research and the cognitive scheme. In addition, the issue of the correctness of definitions has been developed, as these are often wrongly formulated and do not fulfil their role. Results: The main purpose of this article is to indicate that supply chain research requires a change in the general model of scientific practice, assigning a higher rank to replication research and increasing the role of scientific criticism. Potential drivers of supply chain research are all types of reasoning: deduction (reasoning, checking), reduction and its special case induction (translation, command), and the systematization of knowledge. The knowledge gained from this research is so extensive and varied that its further development is possible through refutation, i.e. thesis making, defence and falsification. The aim of this article is also the systematization and analysis of theories and methodological assumptions in the area of supply chain management. Conclusions: The analysis points to a need to structure the definitions of supply. What needs to be established is a set of basic theories useful in the study of supply chains and the assessment of the assertions formulated with regards to hypotheses. The improvement of methodological assumptions, as well as the search for methodological elements useful in this study, need to be continuously ensured. The scope of the theories used in the research should be broadened, but at the same time, new theories should be examined which also pertain to their usefulness in explaining and creating the concept and practical recommendations. It is suggested that research on supply chains needs to be approached in a slightly broader way than has been done so far in the literature. The methodology is recognized as a system of analysis in a particular area of study or activity. Therefore, the majority of publications retrieved according to this key word refer only to examples of the use of particular methods, tools for researching supply chains, or only some aspects of its functioning. However, methodology can also be understood as a philosophy of science. This approach to supply chain research methodology is an important research gap and a new view on supply chain management.
PL
Wstęp: Do najważniejszych, współczesnych problemów metodologicznych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw należą: tworzenie i sprawdzanie twierdzeń oraz teorii i wybór schematów badania. Kwestią krytyczną jest też akceptacja sposobów wyjaśniania (indukcja, dedukcja lub abdukcja). Trzeba przy tym pamiętać, iż wartościowe rezultaty można uzyskać tylko przy dobrze sformułowanych pytaniach i problemach badawczych. Wszystkie wymienione kwestie wiążą się z potrzebą wzmocnienia rygoryzmu metodologicznego w badaniach związanych z łańcuchami dostaw. Metody: W artykule podstawową metodą jest analiza krytyczna. Wyniki: Dokonano systematyzacji i analizy teorii i założeń metodologicznych w obszarze zarządzania łańcuchami dostaw. Wnioski: Analiza dowodzi, że wpierw należy zlikwidować bałagan w definiowaniu łańcuchów dostaw. Można odwołać się do teorii grafów i używać prostej definicji: zbiór przedsiębiorstw i relacji między nimi, w którym firmy są dla siebie dostawcami i odbiorcami. Trzeba także rozwijać zbiór podstawowych teorii przydatnych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw i ocenić poziom asercji formułowanych hipotez. Należy stale dbać o ulepszanie założeń metodologicznych i szukać elementów metodologii przydatnych dla omawianych badań. Warto zwiększać zakres teorii wykorzystywanych w badaniach. Ale jednocześnie należy ustalić pochodzenie wykorzystywanych i nowych teorii i ich przydatność w procesie wyjaśniania i tworzenia koncepcji oraz rekomendacji dla praktyki.
EN
The authors developed the definition of construction defect and fault and construction defect management based on Polish and foreign publications. In order to assist identification of faults and their analysis in the process of home collection, the authors applied the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method. In the paper, the authors used Case Based Reasoning (CBR) to support acceptance of apartments. The CBR method allows to determine the magnitude of global similarity for the problem under consideration between the new and old case from the Case Base, using weighted sums of local similarities using criteria weights as coefficients. As a result of CBR-based solutions, an Employer’s representative receives information about the type of construction defects that can be expected, their location and significance, occurrence frequency, and estimated repair cost.
PL
Autorzy opracowali definicję wady, usterki budowlanej oraz zarządzania usterkami budowlanymi na podstawie krajowych i zagranicznych publikacji. W celu wspomagania identyfikacji usterek i ich analizy w procesie odbiorów mieszkań autorzy zastosowali metodę wnioskowania z przypadków (CBR – Case Based Reasoning). Metoda CBR pozwala na wyznaczenie wielkości podobieństwa globalnego dla rozpatrywanego problemu pomiędzy nowym, a starym przypadkiem z Bazy Przypadków, za pomocą ważonych sum lokalnych podobieństw z wykorzystaniem wag kryteriów jako współczynników. Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie koncepcji wspomagania pracy inspektora nadzoru inwestorskiego podczas identyfikacji i analizy usterek budowlanych w trakcie odbiorów mieszkań w budynkach mieszkalnych wielorodzinnych.
5
Content available remote ExpTime Tableaux with Global Caching for Graded Propositional Dynamic Logic
EN
We present the first direct tableau decision procedure for graded PDL, which uses global caching and has ExpTime (optimal) complexity when numbers are encoded in unary. It shows how to combine checking fulfillment of existential star modalities with integer linear feasibility checking for tableaux with global caching. As graded PDL can be used as a description logic for representing and reasoning about terminological knowledge, our procedure is useful for practical applications.
6
Content available Henkin semantics for reasoning with natural language
EN
The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano metodykę transformacji ontologii OWL 2 RL do zestawu reguł, które mogą zostać użyte w regułowym silniku wnioskującym. Zaproponowano podział wnioskowania na dwie części: terminologiczną i asercyjną. Opracowano mechanizm transformacji ontologii do Abstrakcyjnej Składni Reguł i Faktów. Umożliwia to zamianę ontologii na język dowolnego silnika wnioskującego. W artykule opisano implementację dla silników Jess i Drools. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty pokazują, że opracowane narzędzie radzi sobie dużo lepiej we wnioskowaniu na danych niż w narzędziu HermiT.
EN
In this paper we present a method of transforming OWL 2 RL ontologies into a set of rules which can be used in a rule engine. We use HermiT reasoner to perform the TBox reasoning. The ontology is transformed into an Abstract Syntax of Rules and Facts and then into any forward chaining reasoning engine. We present an implementation of our method using Jess and Drools engines. The evaluation per-formed on benchmark ontologies shows that we can perform the ABox reasoning with considerably better performance than HermiT.
EN
In this article the knowledge-based control approach will be proposed for nonlinear systems. Firstly some basic concepts from the artificial intelligence will be defined, then the expert system design process will be introduced and finally a practical example will be discussed. The principle of this method is to support the controller with the human-like reasoning to determine the appropriate control mode and to estimate unknown parameters. Note that this is the heuristic approach, hence neither optimal steering, nor stability is guaranteed.
EN
Emotional Intelligence as cybernetics approach is using cognitive reasoning to collect the subjective attribute of human subject interacted with a system for providing technical advice. This talk contributes in new Cybernetics paradigm on using multidisciplinary in decision making. It is related to the construction of Avatar that can interact with human subject for collecting subjective attributes (emotional and cognitive) and objective attributes (physical), for decision making. paper extends reasoning issues on medical diagnosis related to Virtual Doctor System (VDS). Intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation functions have been used to represent concept reflective to the mental model of the VDS. The VDS project used two physical ontology model and mental ontology model aligned on medical ontology for reasoning. In this paper the mental ontology related to medical diagnosis is the main emphasis. The mental Ontology is represented as two models: Emotion state model, and ego state model. The attributes of mental state are represented as fuzzy intuitionistic criteria. The emotion state related attributes are represented using harmonic hybrid weighted Ordered Intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation function. The ego state related attributes are represented using Bonferroni hybrid weighted average aggregate function. The both aggregate functions as well as the physical ontology aggregate functions are aligned on medical knowledge based for producing aligned inquiry for reasoning in medical knowledge. The model is built for testing.
10
Content available remote Logic-based Reasoning Support for SBVR
EN
Automated support to enterprise modeling has increasingly become a subject of interest for organizations seeking solutions for storage, distribution and analysis of knowledge about business processes. This interest has recently resulted in approving the standard for specifying Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR). Despite the existence of formally grounded notations, up to now SBVR still lacks a sound and consistent logical formalization which would allow developing automated solutions able to check the consistency of a set of business rules. This work reports on the attempt to provide logical foundations for SBVR by the means of defining a specific first-order deontic-alethic logic (FODAL). The connections of FODAL with the modal logic QK and the description logic AℒCQℐ have been investigated and, on top of the obtained theoretical results, a special tool providing automated support for consistency checks of a set of AℒCQℐ-expressible deontic and alethic business rules has been implemented.
EN
Aim of this paper is to show the way of reasoning basing on the incomplete information about the initial state. The article presents an algorithm created in order to reason the state of scene from block world basing on incomplete information from two cameras observing the scene from top and side. The algorithm is explained using an example. Additionally, possible types of uncertainties are presented.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia sposób wnioskowania wiedzy bazujący na niepełnych informacjach o stanie początkowym na przykładzie świata klocków. W artykule znajduje się opis algorytmu stworzonego w celu wywnioskowania stanu sceny ze świata klocków w oparciu o niepełne informacje pochodzące z dwóch kamer obserwujących scenę z góry i boku. Algorytm zilustrowany jest przykładem. Dodatkowo opisane są możliwe typy niepewności związane z problemem.
12
Content available Semantic Knowledge Engineering - Main Concepts
EN
The Semantic Knowledge Engineering approach aims at providing new design and analysis methods for rule-based intelligent systems. It uses the XTT2 knowledge representation for building modularized rule bases that form decision networks. The representation is formalized, thus allowing for the anayslys of the designed system with respect to its qualitative properties. The visual design is supported by practical tools.
PL
Celem podejścia semantycznej inżynierii wiedzy jest dostarczenie nowych metod projektowania i analizy systemów inteligentnych wykorzystujących reprezentację regułową. Podejście to bazuje na metodzie XTT2 służącej do budowania na poziomie logicznym zmodularyzowanej bazy reguł stanowiącej sieć wnioskującą. Metoda ta jest sformalizowana, co pozwala na przeprowadzenie analizy systemu pod kątem jego jakości.
PL
Stosując systemy regułowe, można wyróżnić dwie klasy problemów: efektywność procesu projektowania oraz wydajność procesu uruchamiania. Niniejszy artykuł przeglądowo opisuje metody projektowania reguł opracowane w Katedrze Automatyki AGH pod kątem rozwiązywania ww. problemów. Proponowane podejścia opierają się w dużej mierze na modularyzacji bazy wiedzy i odpowiedniej jej wizualizacji. Przedstawiono ich ewolucję, jak również wyniki najnowszych badań dotyczących wnioskowania kontekstowego.
EN
There are two common issues while dealing with rules and rule-based systems. These are efficiency of the design process and performance of rule interpretation. This paper discusses briefly several design approaches developed at the Department of Automatics, AGH which tackle these issues. The proposed solutions are mainly based on modularization and appropriate visualization of the knowledge base being designed. Evolution of selected approaches and results of recent research regarding application of context-based reasoning are presented as well.
14
Content available remote A context aware framework for product based software certification
EN
In this paper, we propose a proof of concept context aware framework to facilitate product based software certification. The framework provides an applied environment for software certification by integrating tools such as Eclipse, Jena, OntoStudio, Protégé, Equinox, EMMA, log4j, RCP, JUnit, Jfeature and Apache Ant. It was developed within the Open Service Gateway initiative (OSGi) environment and is managed by a collection of automation scripts. The framework is intended for the certification of software which is developed with high level languages. We also propose a product based software certification process that is structured on component based certification principles and integrates current methodologies such as Integrated Component Maturity Model (ICMM), PECA framework (Plan the evaluation, Establish criteria, Collect data and Analyze data) and Goal Question Metric (GQM). Although the certification process is product based, the process also tries to be aligned with ISO JTC1 SC7, ISO IEC 25000, ISO 15939, ISO IEC 14598 and ISO 9126 standards. The general core of this certification process is composed of elements from a number of known software certification models. We tried to gather the benefits of other software certification models into a single model. At first every component is evaluated independently and then a global certificate level is computed which depends on the evaluation status of very component. The described software certification process addresses areas of the software certification which are known as magic steps.
15
Content available A step toward a universal theory of failure handling
EN
We explore, in this paper, some of the fundamental requirements needed for a Universal Theory of Failure Handling. We shall show that dealing with failure touches on our reasoning, predictive, evaluative and judgmental capabilities and thus it requires the ability to reason with incomplete and uncertain temporal information. It also requires reasoning with events before they even happen and about the effect of actions for as long as these are relevant, even if the available time does not permit. There may also be a need for reasoning about the reasoning process itself. We shall discuss the notion of failure with respect to decision-making and knowledge. We give a very brief presentation of Dorner's logic of failure and research into artificial intelligence and its implication for handling failures. We shall propose means of computing the degrees of failure induced by humans and in physical systems. In addition, we shall initiate a discussion on reasoning with failures and put forward a proposal for an integrative and proactive approach to monitoring, diagnosis and learning from failures.
EN
This article describes a proposition of knowledge organization for the purpose of reasoning using an upper-ontology. It presents a model of integrated ontologies architecture which consists of a domain ontologies layer with instances, a shared upper-ontology layer with additional rules and a layer of ontologies mapping concrete domain ontologies with the upper-ontology. Thanks to the upper-ontology, new facts were concluded from domain ontologies during the reasoning process. A practical realization proposition is given as well. It is based on some popular Semantic Web technologies and tools, such as OWL, SWRL, nRQL, Protege and Racer.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia propozycję organizacji wiedzy na cele wnioskowania z wykorzystaniem ontologii wyższego poziomu. Prezentuje model architektury zintegrowanych ontologii, składający się z ontologii domenowych z instancjami, współdzielonej ontologii wyższego poziomu z dodatkowymi regułami oraz z warstwy ontologii mapujących. Dzięki wiedzy wyższego poziomu uzyskano nowe fakty podczas wnioskowania. Zaprezentowano rownież propozycje praktycznej realizacji omawianego podejścia przy użyciu popularnych narzędzi i technologii dla Semantic Web, takich jak OWL, SWRL, nRQL, Protege i Racer.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania systemów ekspertowych z wnioskowaniem przybliżonym do wspomagania podejmowania decyzji w trzech różnych dziedzinach: technice, medycynie i bankowości. Zastosowanie mechanizmu wnioskującego uwzględniającego niepewność podczas wnioskowania może dać pełniejszy obraz rzeczywistości, pozwalający na podjęcie słuszniejszej decyzji.
EN
In this work we present the possibility of using expert systems with uncertain reasoning in three different fields of human activities such as: technology, medicine and banking. The strong advantage of using reasoning with the Certainty Factors is having more complete view of reality. What, in consequence, is very helpful in coming to the right decision.
18
Content available remote Reasoning methods in general and stuctured Bayesian networks
EN
Bayesian networks have many practical applications due to their capability to represent joint probability distribution in many variables in a compact way. Though there exist many algorithms for learning Bayesian networks from data, they are not satisfactory because the learned networks usually are not suitable for reasoning. So far only a restricted class of very simple Bayesian networks: trees and poly-trees are directly applicable in reasoning. This paper defines and explores a new class of networks: the Structured Bayesian Networks. Two methods of reasoning are outlined for this type of networks. Possible methods of learning from data are indicated. Similarity to hiearachical networks is pointed at.
19
Content available remote Reasoning and Learning in Extended Structured Bayesian Networks
EN
Bayesian networks have many practical applications due to their capability to represent joint probability distribution over many variables in a compact way. Though there exist many algorithms for learning Bayesian networks from data, they are not satisfactory because the learned networks usually are not suitable directly for reasoning as they need to be transformed to some other form (tree, polytree, hypertree) statically or dynamically, and this transformation is not trivial [25]. So far only a restricted class of very simple Bayesian networks: trees and poly-trees are directly applicable in reasoning. This paper defines and explores a new class of networks: the Structured Bayesian Networks. Two methods of reasoning are outlined for this type of networks. Possible methods of learning from data are indicated. Similarity to hierarchical networks is pointed at.
20
Content available remote Structure and Reasoning in Bayesian Networks
EN
Bayesian networks have many practical applications due to their capability to represent joint probability distribution in many variables in a compact way. Though there exist many algorithms for learning Bayesian networks from data, they are not satisfactory because the learned networks usually are not suitable for reasoning. So far only a restricted class of very simple Bayesian networks: trees and poly-trees are directly applicable in reasoning. This paper defines and explores a new class of networks: the Structured Bayesian Networks. Two methods of reasoning are outlined for this type of networks. Possible methods of learning from data are indicated. Similarity to hierarchical networks is pointed at.
PL
Sieci bayesowskie maja wiele praktycznych zastosowań związanych z ich zdolnością do zwartej reprezentacji rozkładów prawdopodobieństwa w wielu zmiennych. Choć znanych jest wiele algorytmów uczących sieci bayesowskie z danych, nie są one satysfakcjonujące, ponieważ wynikowe struktury sieci na ogół nie nadają się do celów wnioskowania eksperckiego, z wyjątkiem bardzo prostych struktur drzew i polidrzew. Niniejszy artykuł definiuje i bada nową klasę sieci bayesowskich: tzw. strukturalne sieci bayesowskie. Przedstawiono dwie metody wnioskowania dla tych sieci. Wskazano na możliwość uczenia się tych sieci z danych. Sieci te można uważać za interesujący szczególny przypadek sieci hierarchicznych.
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.