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Modern measures of risk reduction in industrial processes

Kościelny Jan Maciej, Syfert Michał, Fajdek Bartłomiej

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

2019

Vol. 13, No. 1

20--29

The article describes standard safety-protection layers according to EN 61511 standard. Their aim is to reduce risk, thus to decrease the frequency of occurrence of threatening incidents and/or consequences of such incidents. The aim of the article was to present currently developed means of increasing process safety, which are not included in the standards. There are described: advisory diagnostic systems, fault tolerant control systems, process simulators for operators training and IT systems supporting safety. Such components can be treated as additional layers of process protection. A simple example comparing the operation of alarm and diagnostic systems as well as the example of the fault tolerant control system of the level in the drum boiler in sugar factory are given.

A Survey of Results on Stateless Multicounter Automata

Ibarra O.H., Egecioglu Ö.

Fundamenta Informaticae

2012

Vol. 116, nr 1-4

129-140

A stateless multicountermachine hasm-counters operating on a one-way input delimited by left and right end markers. A move of the machine depends only on the symbol under the input head and the sign pattern of the counters. An input string is accepted if, when the input head is started on the left end marker with all counters zero, themachine eventually reaches the configurationwhere the input head is on the right end marker with all the counters again zero. We bring together a number of results on stateless multicounter automata of various different types: deterministic, nondeterministic, realtime (the input head moves right at every step), or non-realtime. We investigate realtime and non-realtime machines in both deterministic and nondeterministic cases with respect to the number of counters and reversals. In addition to hierarchy results, we also consider closure properties and the connections to stateless multihead automata.