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Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of a Model Reactive Armour without Metal Plates

Trzciński Waldemar A., Zalewski Karol, Chyłek Zbigniew, Szymańczyk Leszek

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2022

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Vol. 19, no. 2

113--134

EN

Explosive reactive armour (ERA) is widely used to protect military vehicles against shaped charges and kinetic projectiles, but the use of the ERA element with metal plates is potentially hazardous to the surroundings. A patent claim has recently been issued on explosive reactive armour without metal plates. The non-metallic ERA consists of an explosive, a heavy metal powder and a binder. The aim of the present work was to experimentally test the effectiveness of such armour for disrupting cumulative jets. HMX was used as the explosive matrix and RTV silicone as the binder. Tungsten (W) powder was added to the explosive. The disruption of the cumulative jet was assessed on the basis of X-ray images, the number and size of holes in a steel plate, which was placed under the shaped charge, and the penetration depth of a steel target. It was shown that reactive armour consisting of HMX and W powder was effective in dispersing the cumulative jet, especially for a small impact angle (30°). The influence of the W particle size and the content of the W powder in the armour on jet were investigated. Finally, the effectiveness of one of the tested reactive armours was compared with that of classic reactive armour with steel plates.

2

Estimation of the Effectiveness of Reactive Armours with Nitrocellulose and Cellulose Composites in Jet Dispersion

Trzciński W. A., Cudziło S., Dyjak S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 1

99--115

EN

Monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose (NC-C) composites solidified with starch were used in a model reactive armour with steel plates. The acceleration ability of the gaseous reaction products of composites was examined by the use of X-ray technique. The effectiveness of the reactive armour containing NC-C composites in weakening the ability of jet penetration was assessed experimentally on the basis of the size of holes in the steel plates and effects of the impact of jet particles on a steel plate located under the armour. It has been shown that the size of the holes in the driven plate increases and the degree of penetration of the “witness” plate is reduced with the decrease of the angle of jet impact. The modified Gurney model was applied to simulate the process of driving steel plates in the reactive armor with a layer of NC-C composite. The model was verified by using the results of X-ray recording of plates driven by the reaction products. The effectiveness of reactive armors with NC-C composites in weakening the penetration ability of shaped charge jets was evaluated in a manner based on the results of theoretical modeling

3

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of a Model Reactive Armour with Nitrocellulose and Cellulose Composites

Trzciński W. A., Cudziło S., Dyjak S., Szymańczyk L.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2013

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Vol. 10, no. 2

191--207

EN

Monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose composites (NC-C) were obtained by cross-linking a mixture of nitrocellulose with cellulose using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). They were incorporated into a model reactive armour. An X-ray technique was used to examine the infuence of the cellulose content on the accelerating ability of the gaseous reaction products of the composites. The modifed Gurney model was used to simulate the process of driving steel plates in the reactive armour after jet impact. Formulae for the determination of the time-space characteristics of the plates’ movement were derived. The results of the X-ray recording of the plates driven by the explosion products of monolithic nitrocellulose and cellulose composites (NC-C) were used for the verifcation of the model.

4

Preparation and Characterization of Monolithic Nitrocellulose-Cellulose Composites

Cudziło S., Dyjak S., Trzciński W. A.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2012

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Vol. 9, nr 2

139-146

EN

Monolithic nitrocellulose-cellulose composites were prepared by separately cross-linking the mixed precursors (NC + C) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The syntheses were optimised according to the component mass ratios, HDI, solvent and catalyst concentration. The concentrations of the reactants and cure catalyst are the most important factors. The general method of synthesis involved dissolving HDI and the catalyst in methylene chloride and then wetting an NC-C mixture with the solution. The resulting mixture was placed in a sealed box for cross-linking at room temperature. Finally the solvent was evaporated at ca. 40 C. The NC-C composites obtained were characterized using TG/DTA and sensitivity to friction and drop weight impact, and were used as energetic materials in reactive armour elements.

5

Protection of vehicles against mines

Śliwiński J.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 1

565-572

EN

The paper presents the threats posed by mines and IEDs (improvised explosive devices) to vehicles conducting different combat operations. The typical reaction of a pressure impulse after explosion was presented. The parameters of a pressure impulse having an impact on the hull underside were discussed. The graphic impact of the shape of the hull underside on the propagation of pressure wave resulting from the detonation of the explosive was presented. The structural solutions applied now in the world, able to protect the hull underside against mines, IEDs and RPG-rockets were discussed. The soldier protection means in form of seats with safety belts and protective clothing capable of minimising the impact of an explosion on soldiers in a vehicle were mentioned. A concept of a flexible explosive reactive armour being mounted underneath the hull of an armoured vehicle was presented. The structure of protective armour and its assembly to an armoured vehicle as well as the destructive impact of mines and IEDs containing both blasting charge and shaped charge utilising the principle of either the EFP or a shaped charged jet were discussed. Structural analysis on solutions used world-wide in vehicles resistant to mines was performed and their resistance to mine explosion under the hull and under the wheels was given. The idea of a vehicle with increased resistance to various mines, IEDs and RPG-rockets was presented. The vehicle's hull with suspended flexible explosive reactive armour having the rumple zone in the lower part and the RPG-net on sides, which is mounted to hull's movable arms was proposed. The advantages of proposed above structural solutions were discussed.

6

Pancerze reaktywne i aktywna ochrona balistyczna

Galiński C.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

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2002

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nr 1 (15)

45--56

PL

Artykuł omawia zasady działania pancerzy reaktywnych i wybranych typów aktywnej ochrony balistycznej. Opracowany został w oparciu o materiały ze szkolenia Survivability of Armoured Vehicles.

EN

The paper discusses principles of operation of reactive armour and selected types of active anti-ballistic defence. The paper is based on “Survivability of Armoured Vehicles” training materials.

7

One-layered reactive armours

Wiśniewski A.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2002

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R. 31, z. 85

33--42

EN

Usage of different reactive cassettes ERA and Polish ERAWA are showed. Functioning rules of reactive one-layered armours are presented on the example of research of cassettes ERAWA-1. Different kinds of tests with armours ERAWA-1 are showed.

PL

Pokazano zastosowania różnych kaset reaktywnych ERA i polskich ERAWA. Przedstawiono zasadę działania pancerzy reaktywnych jednowarstwowych na przykładzie badań kaset ERAWA-1. Ukazano różnego rodzaju testy, jakimi poddawane są pancerze ERAWA-1.

8

Badanie odpowiedzi modelowego pancerza reaktywnego na uderzenie strumienia kumulacyjnego

Cudziło S., Trębiński R., Trzciński W.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2002

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Vol. 51, nr 3

123-138

PL

W pracy badano eksperymentalnie i teoretycznie odpowiedź modelowego pancerza reaktywnego na uderzenie strumienia kumulacyjnego. Dokonano analizy procesu napędzania metalowych płytek pancerza gazowymi produktami detonacji zainicjowanej w osłoniętej warstwie materiału wybuchowego strumieniem kumulacyjnym o różnym kącie natarcia. Ruch płytek rejestrowano na dwóch prostopadłych kierunkach techniką rentgenografii impulsowej. Do teoretycznej analizy procesu miotania zastosowano uproszczony model uwzględniający deformację płyt i skończony czas ich przyśpieszania, zaproponowany w pracy [1]. Otrzymane z eksperymentu oraz modelowania numerycznego czasowo-przestrzenne charakterystyki ruchu elementów modelowego pancerza reaktywnego mogą być wykorzystane w procesie projektowania głowic kumulacyjnych przeznaczonych do zwalczania pancerzy osłoniętych pancerzem reaktywnym.

EN

In the paper, the reaction of a model reactive armour to an attack of a shaped charge jet was studied in experimental and theoretical ways. An analysis of the process of driving metal plates of the armour by the gaseous products of the detonation initiated in confined layer of explosive by the jet at various incidence angles was performed. The pulse X-ray photography was applied to record the motion of plates at two perpendicular directions. The theoretical analysis was performed by using a simple model, in which the plate deformation and finite time of its acceleration were taken into account. The time-space characteristics of motion of model reactive armour elements obtained from experiment and numerical modelling can be applied for design cumulative heads destined for destroying armours protected by reactive armour.