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1

Radon exposure in kindergartens in one Bulgarian district

Angelova Antoaneta, Chobanova Nina, Kunovska Bistra, Djunakova Desislava, Ivanova Kremena, Stojanovska Zdenka

Nukleonika

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2023

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Vol. 68, No. 2

51--56

EN

The major part of the radiation dose that humans receive from natural radioactive sources is due to inhalation of radon and its decay products. The study focuses on radon concentration (CRn) investigation in kindergartens and nurseries in the district of Montana. The infl uence of building characteristics on CRn was evaluated. The measurement of the CRn was performed using passive detectors. The survey was carried out between December 2019 and May 2020 with a total number of 602 detectors. The average value of CRn in the premises of the studied kindergartens and nurseries in this district is 125 Bq·m−3 , and the geometric mean (GM) value is 88 Bq·m−3 . The buildings that have built ventilation and sewerage systems have lower CRn. The effective doses of the children and workers were evaluated in order to assess the radon exposure.

2

Activity of 222Rn in tap water in Kielce county

Metryka-Telka Monika, Styś-Maniara Marta, Dołhańczuk-Śródka Agnieszka

Structure and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 14, no. 2

55--62

EN

Radon is known as a radioactive element that dissolves easily in water. It is worth mentioning that it is available in all possible reservoirs. Its concentration cannot be measured directly but only from the emitted radiation. Investigations of 222Rn activity in water in the Kielce district were subjected to three selected water intakes: Bolechowice, Kołomań and Wola Kopcowa. This type of research was conducted for the first time in the discussed area. The results were analyzed in detail in terms of acceptable concentrations. Next, it was determined whether the geological location of the intakes in question may have an impact on the amount of radon present in water from the water supply network.

PL

Radon znany jest jako pierwiastek promieniotwórczy, który łatwo rozpuszcza się w wodzie. Warto zaznaczyć, że dostępny jest we wszystkich możliwych zbiornikach. Jego stężenia nie da się zmierzyć bezpośrednio, a jedynie na podstawie emitowanego promieniowania. Badaniom aktywności 222Rn w wodzie w powiecie kieleckim zostały poddane trzy wybrane ujęcia wód wodociągowych: Bolechowice, Kołomań oraz Wola Kopcowa. Tego typu badania prowadzone są po raz pierwszy na omawianym terenie. Wyniki zostały poddane szczegółowej analizie, m.in. pod kątem dopuszczalnych stężeń. Następnie ustalono, czy położenie geologiczne omawianych ujęć może mieć wpływ na ilość pojawiającego się w wodach sieci wodociągowych radonu.

3

Contribution of soil in the annual effective dose due to radon in the air of some dwellings in the city of Karbala, Iraq

Hashim Abdalsattar Kareem, Najam Laith Ahmed, Aljomaily Firas Mohammed Ali

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 27, Iss. 3

233--239

EN

Introduction: The radon isotopes are not as significant as (222Rn) due to the decay of the natural radionuclides (235U), (232Th) and (238U) due to their short half-life, at most. (222Rn) can be classified as among the most harmful radioactive elements in the world. Material and method: In this analysis, the closed-can technique was used with solid-state nuclear track detectors (CR- 39). After forty days of closed dosimeter buried in the soil of the garden, and ninety days from the closed position in the air of some dwellings were collected dosimeter and stripped of nuclear detectors impact of closed groups. For 8 hours, CR-39 detectors were chemically etched by (6.25 N) NaOH solution at 70°C and then registered within an optical microscope. Result: The levels of soil radon concentrations ranged from 28.44±0.58 to 479.76±2.43 Bq/m3 with a mean value of 220.33±1.64 Bq/m3, while the concentration of radon in the air of certain dwellings varied from (1.95±0.27 to 46.82±0.75) Bq/m3 with an average value of 21.51±0.54 Bq/m3. In comparison, the annual effective dose attributed to radon in soil ranged from 0.71±0.09 mSv/y to 12.10±0.38 mSv/y with an average value of 5.55±0.261 mSv/y, while the annual effective dose in air differed from (0.04±0.02 mSv/y) to (1.18±0.12 mSv/y) with an average value of (0.60±0.09 mSv/y). Conclusion: Neglecting the effects of other radon sources, the percentage share of the annual effective dose due to radon in soil measured in the air home, ranged from 0.005±0.001 to 0.453±0.074 with an average value of 0.130±0.040. Weak correlation between concentrations of radon in households and soil air. But roughly speaking, one can say that in soil air every 1000 Bq/m3 and 1000 mSv/y contributes around 130 Bq/m3 and 130 mSv/y in indoor air.

4

Assessment of radon exhalation rate, radon concentration and annual efective dose of some building materials samples used in Yemen

Saleh Emran Eisa, Al-Sobahi Aref Mohammed Ahmed, El-Fiki Soad Abed Elmonem

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 4

1325--1333

EN

Radon gas has been recognized as one of the health hazards to humans. Building materials used for the construction of houses, which are considered as one of the major sources of this gas in indoor environments. The radon exhalation rate, radon concentration as well as the annual efective dose for 46 samples of building materials (granite, ceramic, marble, mosaic, rocks, gypsum, block and red brick) used in Yemen were measured using two methods. The can technique, containing CR-39 solid-state detector, and active method containing AlphaGuard detector were used. The results obtained from passive and active techniques were found in good agreement. The results showed that the highest values of radon exhalation rate, radon concentration and the annual efective dose indoor and outdoor were 0.93 ± 0.020 Bqm-2 h-1, 186.48 ± 3.73 Bqm-3, 4.7 ± 0.141 and 1.76 ± 0.053 mSvy-1 for granite samples, whereas the lowest values were 0.0076 ± 0.001 Bqm-2 h-1, 1.51 ± 0.03 Bqm-3, 0.04 ± 0.001 and 0.01 ± 0.001 mSvy-1 for the ceramic samples. The results also showed that the radon exhalation rate, as well as the annual efective dose, was found below the world average values of 57.600 Bq m-2 h-1, 1100 μSv y-1 with exception of some samples. The values of radon concentrations for granite samples were in the range of activity levels from 200 to 600 Bq m-3 recommended by (ICRP, 1994).

5

A new geostatistical tool for the analysis of the geographical variability of the indoor radon activity

Loffredo Filomena, Scala Antonio, Adinolfi Guido Maria, Savino Federica, Quarto Maria

Nukleonika

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2020

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Vol. 65, No. 2

99--104

EN

The population is continuously exposed to a background level of ionizing radiation due to the natural radioactivity and, in particular, with radon (222Rn). Radon gas has been classified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoke [1]. In the confined environment, radon concentration can reach harmful level and vary accordingly to many factors. Since the primary source of radon in dwellings is the subsurface, the risk assessment and reduction cannot disregard the identification of the local geology and the environmental predisposing factors. In this article, we propose a new methodology, based on the computation of the Gini coefficients at different spatial scales, to estimate the spatial correlation and the geographical variability of radon concentrations. This variability can be interpreted as a signature of the different subsurface geological conditions. The Gini coefficient computation is a statistical tool widely used to determine the degree of inhomogeneity of different kinds of distributions. We generated several simulated radon distributions, and the proposed tool has been validated by comparing the variograms based on the semi-variance computation with those ones based on the Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient variogram is shown to be a good estimator of the inhomogeneity degree of radon concentration. Indeed, it allows to better constrain the critical distance below which the radon geological source can be considered as uniform at least for the investigated length scales of variability; it also better discriminates the fluctuations due to the environmental predisposing factors from those ones due to the random spatially uncorrelated noise.

6

Występowanie radonu w gazie ziemnym transportowanym gazociągiem na terenie Polski w aspekcie ochrony radiologicznej : badania wstępne

Nowak J., Macuda J., Jodłowski P., Liszka K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 9

1942--1944

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów stężenia radonu (²²²Rn) w próbkach gazu ziemnego pobranych z 8 wytypowanych lokalizacji w sieci przesyłowej gazu ziemnego oraz mocy dawki promieniowania gamma emitowanego przez wybrane elementy sieci przesyłowej. Dodatkowo dla 9 próbek pyłu (materiału stałego) pobranych ze stacji filtroseparatorów (6 próbek) lub bezpośrednio po procesie czyszczenia lub badania tłokiem (3 próbki) przeprowadzono analizę zawartości promieniotwórczego ołowiu (²¹⁰Pb), czyli długożyciowego produktu rozpadu ²²²Rn. Otrzymane wyniki posłużyły do wstępnej dyskusji i oceny zagrożenia radiologicznego wokół instalacji przesyłowej gazu ziemnego, będącego wynikiem występowania ²²²Rn w transportowanym gazie.

EN

Av. concns. of ²²²Rn in a flowing gas as well as dose rate of gamma radiation emitted by selected elements of pipeline and background in 8 transmission line locations were detd. Furthermore, av. concns. of ²¹⁰Pb were detd. in a dust from used filters. Av. concns. of ²²²Rn and ²¹⁰Pb changed in ranges 30-1400 Bq/m³ and 250–16700 Bq/kg, resp. Measured doses of gamma radiation emitted by selected elements of a gas pipeline.

7

Świadomość skażenia otoczenia człowieka radonem

Para A. K., Para A. W.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2013

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Vol. 22, No. 1

88--97

PL

W celu uświadomienia sobie występowania radonu i stopnia skażenia pomieszczenia spowodowanego jego występowaniem postanowiono przeprowadzić stosowne obserwacje i analizy. Na podstawie odpowiednio zabezpieczonego w pojemniku detektora CR-39 wyznaczono gęstość śladów (Np) pozostawionych przez cząstki α oraz średnie stężenie radonu (C). Detektor przebywał przez 3168 godzin w piwnicy budynku jednej ze szkół w Krośnie. Budynek, który został wybudowany w 1963 roku, jest podpiwniczony, dwupiętrowy, zbudowany z cegły, a w pomieszczeniu, w którym znajdował się detektor, podłogę stanowiła wylewka betonowa. Budynek wyposażony jest w wodociąg, kanalizację i centralne ogrzewanie. Folię zastosowaną w detektorze trawiono roztworem 10 N zasady sodowej (NaOH) przez 7 godzin w specjalnym termostatowanym piecu w temperaturze 70°C.

EN

In order to pay attention to the existence of radon and the degree of the pollution of the room caused by its existence proper observations and analysis were to be carried. Based on the detector CR-39, properly protected in the container, the trail density of (Np) left by α particles and the average concentration of radon (C) were measured. The detector stayed for 3168 hours in the cellar of a school in Krosno. The building built in 1963 has cellars, is two level, is built of brick and the room the detector stayed in has concrete floor. The building has water pipe system, sewage system and central heating. The foil used in the detector was etched for 7 hours in the solution 10 N of NaOH in special thermostat furnace in the temperature 70o C.

8

Radon in potable waters in Luxembourg

Tosheva Z., Kies A., Hofmann H.

Nukleonika

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2010

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Vol. 55, No. 4

583-588

EN

The presence of elevated concentrations of radon in water is a potential health risk when the water is used in public water supply, mainly because of the increase of radon concentration in the indoor air due to degassing [16]. Samples were taken from a large number of Luxembourg’s drinking water springs in 2007 to determine the major ion chemistry and potential contaminants, mainly from agriculture. The natural radioactive isotopes were analysed as part of this program. Two sampling campaigns were performed, one in summer, one in winter, to consider seasonal variations. This paper presents the radon activities, which were sampled during the two field campaigns and measured using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). For quality assurance of our results we made three replicates from each collected water sample. This methodology was used because it is more accurate than other possible methods of radon measurement, and its limit of detection is sufficiently low, i.e., 700 Bqźm–3. The correlation between radon and radium levels was estimated, as well as the dependence of radon levels on geology. The results from the year 2007 were compared to previous measurements from the year 2003. Five springs in the program were sampled monthly throughout a year to account for possible seasonal variations, additionally to the large spatial extend of the program.

9

Application of numerical modelling for the better design of radon preventive and remedial measures

Jiránek M.

Nukleonika

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2010

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Vol. 55, No. 4

451-457

EN

The main aim of the presented work was to verify, whether soil gas radon concentrations measured directly on building sites at a depth of 0.8 m below ground level and used in several countries for the design of protective measures against radon from the soil are in agreement with concentrations measured under houses after they had been built on a corresponding site. The correlation between sub-slab concentrations and concentrations measured at a depth of 0.8 m below the uncovered soil surface has been studied using a numerical simulation with the help of the computer program Radon2D. Numerical predictions showed that radon concentrations under the houses could be significantly different from concentrations measured on the building site and used for the assessment of radon risk categories. The highest differences were predicted for soil profiles with highly permeable upper layers. In the case of houses resting on the ground level the sub-slab radon concentration can be up to 3.4 times higher compared to the concentration measured at a depth of 0.8 m. An even higher increase was predicted for houses with the floor embedded 2 m below ground level. In this case the sub-floor concentrations increased up to 9.3 times. Numerical modelling can thus be considered as a powerful tool that can ensure the higher reliability of radon preventive and remedial measures.

10

Seismotectonic zones demarcation in the Shillong Plateau using the microearthquakes and radon emanation rate

Walia D., Lyngdoh A.C., Saxena A.

Acta Geophysica

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2010

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Vol. 58, no. 5

893-907

EN

The Shillong Plateau signifies the intense tectonic processes that the region has experienced during the Tertiary Indo-Tibetan and Indo- Burman collisions. An attempt has been made to study the microearthquake and radon emanation rate to understand and identify the seismotectonic zones. The microearthquake data was recorded along a network of seven temporary seismic stations. The epicentral map prepared using the microearthquake data indicates sparse seismic activity over the Shillong Plateau. The alignment of earthquake epicenters does indicate definite pattern of the activity disposition and hence the active fault zones. The calculated b-value over the Shillong Plateau is low which indicates asperity and the fact that the 'stress' is being built-up. Accordingly, along the few identified active crustal structures, time integrated and continuous radon monitoring was made using the LR 115 and Barasol detectors. The sites with anomalous radon concentration are demarcated as active fault zones or sensitive seismotectonic zones and are being monitored continuously using the Barasol detectors. The anomalous radon concentration may not indicate the magnitude of impending earthquake but it certainly can be used to spatially locate the earthquake preparation zones.

11

Ventilation: a technique for indoor radon mitigation

Kant K., Chauhan R., Chakarvarti S.

Prace Naukowe GIG. Górnictwo i Środowisko / Główny Instytut Górnictwa

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2004

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nr 1

110-111

12

Radon measurement as a monitoring possibility for mining subsidence occurrences

Kies A., Storoni A., Tosheva Z.

Prace Naukowe GIG. Górnictwo i Środowisko / Główny Instytut Górnictwa

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2004

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nr 1

115-117

13

Ocena infiltracji radonu z podłoża budynku i jego ekshalacji z obudowy w pomieszczeniu zamkniętym

Dohojda M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Budownictwo / Politechnika Śląska

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2003

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z. 101

103-110

PL

W referacie przedstawiono koncepcję prognozowania średniego rocznego stężenia radonu w powietrzu pomieszczenia zamkniętego, przy znanych wartościach wydajności źródła radonu (infiltracja z podłoża) i współczynnika ekshalacji z materiałów zastosowanych w budynku.

EN

This paper deals with the concept of prognosis of the mean annual indoor radon concentration for given values of radon source output (infiltration from the ground) and exhalation coefficient from materials used in building.