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1

Rewolucja w nauce : odkrycie polonu i radu

Pospieszny Tomasz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 1-2

15--35

EN

The history of radioactivity is inextricably linked with the figures of Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie and Ernest Rutherford. Without a trace of exaggeration, it should be admitted that we owe the knowledge of this phenomenon to them. Thanks to their work and genius, the radiation emitted by the „strangeˮ elements has gained notoriety in the scientific world. Over time, they were joined by other researchers, expanding the foundations of the new science and building a huge palace on them. They also emphasized the practical use of radioactive elements. And although the phenomenon itself was discovered in 1896 by Antoine Henri Becquerel, the birth of radioactivity should be attributed to the pioneering work of Rutherford and the Curies. The discovery of polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie marked the beginning of a fascinating journey that led humanity into the atomic age. Thanks to them, the alchemists’ dream came true.

2

Radowa gorączka

Pospieszny Tomasz, Wajs-Baryła Ewelina, Nowak Izabela

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 1-2

71--100

EN

When Marie Skłodowska-Curie began research on the radiation of uranium compounds discovered by Henri Becquerel, she uncovered two new chemical elements, sparking a revolution in atomic science. From the very beginning, radium was hailed as a miraculous element; itssalts emitted heat, colored porcelain and glass, and emitted a unique glow. Radium quickly found applications in medicine, where it was not only used to treat diseases but also employed in „mild radium therapy” for preventive purposes. Radium, however, possessed not only healing properties but also purported to have the ability to beautify, rejuvenate, prevent, and captivate. A global „radium fever” ensued, leading to the addition of radioactive salts to almost all everyday products. The stories of the „radium girls” and golfer Eben Byers, however, cast a shadow over the fame of radium.

3

Przyrządy pomiartowe Piotra Curie i ich znaczenie dla badań nad promieniotwórczością

Chrząstowski Piotr

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 1-2

59--69

EN

This paper describes the instrumentation developed by Pierre Curie in the 1880s to perform very precise measurements of electric charge and very small currents. This system, developed 150 years ago, was almost as precise as most present digital electronic charge measurement apparatuses. Maria Skłodowska-Curie used the same Curie quartz-electrometric system during her research from the selection of the research subject to the final discoveries. The main experimental difficulties regarding the measurement of picoampere leakage currents generated by radioactive rays were presented. It was emphasized that the availability for Marie Curie of a precise ready-to-use electrostatic measurement technique played an important, if not decisive, part in her career and her research. A more general issue addressed here is that laboratory techniques are not only a prerequisite of modern scientific work, but in a great part influence knowledge production.

4

Maria Skłodowska-Curie i nagrody Nobla

Pospieszny Tomasz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 1-2

37--57

EN

Marie Skłodowska-Curie is the only woman awarded the Nobel Prize twice: in physics in 1903 and in chemistry in 1911. She is also the only person to have received these awards in two different scientific disciplines. It is worth noting, however, that she almost did not receive any of them. In 1903, only Pierre Curie and Antoine Becquerel were nominated for the Nobel Prize. It was claimed that Marie Skłodowska-Curie was only her husbandʼs assistant. Thanks to the intervention of Pierre Curie, Marie was also appreciated. In 1911, Madame Curie was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but after French newspapers revealed her affair with Paul Langevin, some Swedish scientists demanded that she resign from receiving the prize. Strength of character, courage and independence made Marie Skłodowska-Curie not give in to attacks from public opinion and lies, and she received both Nobel Prizes with dignity, thus creating her legend.

5

Utilizing fluctuation asymmetry to assess the effects of U-238 radioactivity on the marine ecosystem around the Madras nuclear power plant, India

AL-Sharif Sherif A., Chapara Manjulatha, El-Taher Atef, Salah-Tantawy Ahmed

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

437--445

EN

The monitoring of marine ecosystems is crucial due to the growing threat posed by nuclear power plants and other nuclear anthropogenic emissions. In our work, we used a straightforward and low-cost biomonitoring technique called fluctuation asymmetry (FA) to examine the variation between the left and right sides (developmental instability) of organisms’ traits that were influenced by genetic and environmental variables in the early stages of ontogenesis. The specimens of fish (Leiognathus sp.) and crabs (Portunus sanguinolentus) were collected seasonally and used as bioindicators to determine the effects of Uranium-238 (U-238) radioactivity around a nuclear power plant. The obtained results revealed that FA values were not considered typical values (FA = 0) in all seasons. Moreover, FA values of Leiognathus sp. exhibited insignificant fluctuation for a particular characteristic through the different seasons, while a significant fluctuation occurred amongst the characteristics themselves throughout the same season. Inversely, FA values of the four characteristics in Portunus sanguinolentus displayed seasonal variation amongst them all. Statistically, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.5, p < 0.05) between U-238 radioactivity in the flesh of both organisms and the fluctuation asymmetry of different traits but it is not a sign that any radioactive pollution exists.

6

Britholite-(Ce) from the metaluminous granite of SW Egypt

Hassan Kamaleldin M.

Mineralogia

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2023

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

11--17

EN

Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses were used to characterize britholite-(Ce) of the metaluminous granite (Proterozoic) intruded into the Nubian Formation in southwestern Egypt and having a relatively high content of radioactive elements (potassium = 4.4 wt%, thorium = 52 ppm, uranium = 10 ppm). The britholite-(Ce) studied here incorporates light rare earth elements (LREE) including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium as well as thorium. The mineral forms as tabular crystals in a fine-grained quartz-K-feldspar-plagioclase matrix, coexisting with other accessory minerals including biotite, zircon, clinochlore, titanite, and magnetite. Primary britholite-(Ce) usually includes titanite, zircon, and magnetite and is occasionally included in biotite. The inclusion of britholite-(Ce) in biotite suggests that the two minerals crystallized approximately coevally. Petrographical and SEM-EDS data indicate breakdown of the primary magmatic britholite-(Ce) in the samples. This study constitutes the first report for a sole presence of britholite-(Ce) as LREE phase in metaluminous granite samples from Egypt.

7

Evaluation of radiological hazards and trace element contamination around thermal power plant at Udupi on the Southwest coast of India

Achari Sandesh, Ramanand Vinutha Pudiyaneravana, Shivanandappa Kaliprasad Chikkahalkur, Yerol Narayana

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1289--1303

EN

Coastal Karnataka on the southwest coast of India is heading to become a region of major industrial activity center with the operation of oil refineries, petrochemical complexes and nuclear and thermal power stations. In view of this, studies have been initiated on radioactivity and trace elements to assess the impact of these industrial activities on the human population and environment of the region. As a result, the radiological hazards originating from radioactivity in soil and fly ash were evaluated in the vicinity of a thermal power plant at Udupi in coastal Karnataka. The gamma ray spectrometer techniques were employed to measure radioactivity in soil and fly ash sample. The mean activity concentration of 40K, 232Th and 226Ra in soils was found to be 190.64 ± 3.60 Bq kg-1,43.74 ± 2.17 Bq kg-1 and 59.36 ± 1.74 Bq kg-1 similarly for fly ash it was found to be 229.37 ± 4.22 Bq kg-1, 28.29 ± 1.73 Bq kg-1 and 39.06 ± 1.49 Bq kg-1, respectively. The possible impact of natural radiation on a human has been assessed by calculating the hazards parameters. Spatial distribution of natural radionuclides in the study area was also investigated for radioactivity disequilibrium. Major mineralogical analysis was carried out using XRD and FTIR techniques. The trace element C, O, Al, Si, Fe, Ti, Cr, K, Mg, Mn and Ni in soil were determined by FESEM/EDS. The soil in the region was found to be rich in aluminum and silica, with iron being the next most abundant element.

8

Oblicza jodu - jego suplementacja w czasie zagrożenia konfliktem zbrojnym

Martula Emilia, Morak-Młodawska Beata, Jeleń Małgorzata

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr 4

25--27

PL

Wojna rozgrywająca się za wschodnią granicą Polski sprawiła, że coraz bardziej martwimy się o swoje bezpieczeństwo, zdrowie i życie. Znając historię, zdajemy sobie sprawę z realnego zagrożenia, jakie stanowi, niefunkcjonująca już, elektrownia jądrowa znajdująca się w Czarnobylu na terenie Ukrainy. Sytuacja ta sprawiła, że z aptecznych półek, po awarii w tejże elektrowni, we wzmożonym tempie zaczął znikać płyn Lugola - substancja podawana ludziom w latach 80. XX wieku. Należy zdać sobie jednak sprawę z tego, czym jest ten preparat i czy zażywanie go chroni człowieka przed szkodliwymi skutkami promieniowania. Dodatkowo należy zastanowić się, czy wydarzenia rozgrywające się obecnie na terenie Czarnobyla są realnym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia Polaków. Niniejszy artykuł jest odpowiedzią na te rodzące się pytania. Przybliża czytelnikowi najważniejsze informacje dotyczące jodu, zasadności jego suplementacji oraz korzystnych i negatywnych jej skutków.

EN

The war which is going on beyond Poland’s eastern boarder has made us increasingly concerned about our safety, health and lives. Knowing our history, we are aware of the threat posed by non-functioning nuclear power plant located in Chernobyl, Ukraine. Due to this situation, Lugol’s iodine, a solution administered to people in the 1980s, began to disappear at an increased rate from pharmacy shelves after the failure of the power station. However, it is important to realise what this preparation is and whether taking it protects humans from harmful effects of radiation. Additionally, it should be considered whether the events currently occurring in Chernobyl pose a real threat to the health of Poles. This article answers these emerging questions, presenting the most important information on iodine, rationale behind its supplementation as well as its beneficial and negative effects.

9

Neutrinowe Obserwatorium Sudbury: Obserwacja zmiany zapachu neutrin słonecznych

McDonald Arthur B., Chankowski Piotr

Postępy Fizyki

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2021

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T. 72, z. 2

25--35

PL

Procesy fuzji jądrowych, które zasilają Słońce energią, zachodzą w tak wysokich temperaturach, że jądra atomów są w stanie łączyć się ze sobą. W procesach tych powstaje olbrzymia liczba cząstek elementarnych zwanych neutrinami.

10

Promieniotwórczość naturalna - co nowego dla podmiotów wprowadzających wyroby na rynek

Rolka Anna

Izolacje

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2021

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R. 26, nr 10

18--19

PL

Aktualne Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 17 grudnia 2020 r. w sprawie materiałów budowlanych, w przypadku których oznacza się stężenie promieniotwórcze izotopów promieniotwórczych potasu K-40, radu Ra-226 i toru Th-232, wymagań dotyczących dokonywania tych oznaczeń oraz wartości wskaźnika stężenia promieniotwórczego, o której przekroczeniu informuje się właściwe organy (DzU 2021, poz. 33), wydano na podstawie art. 6b ustawy z dnia 29 listopada 2000 r. – Prawo atomowe (DzU z 2019 r. poz. 1792).

11

Efficiency calculation and comparison of fluidic and solid-body power sources using corpuscular radiation

Miś Tomasz A.

Nukleonika

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2020

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Vol. 65, No. 1

31--35

EN

Research done on a set of simple fl uidic (with the fluid used as the ionized medium being air under atmospheric pressure) alphavoltaic cells – small ionizing reactors or “nuclear batteries”, designed in the Faculty of Power and Aerospace Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology, Poland – has shown the possibility of accumulation of usable amount of electric charge. Two simple methods are proposed to describe the fluidic alphavoltaic cells in terms of their efficiency. The results of these methods are presented and compared with the efficiencies of other contemporary types of solid-body (semiconductor junction-based) alpha- and betavoltaic cells. The comparison showed that despite the far-reaching simplicity in design, the designed fl uidic cells are still more efficient than some of the solid-body devices that use the alpha type of decay.

12

Measurement of 238U, 232Th and 222Rn concentrations in different table oils samples. Determination of committed effective doses received by consumers following the ingestion of table oil

Touti Rodouan

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 25, Iss. 4

201--209

EN

The main objective of our work is to measure 238U, 232Th, 222Rn and 220Rn in different table oil samples using a method based on the use of two types of solid nuclear track detectors: CR- 39 and LR-115 II in order to determine the doses of radiation received by the individuals following ingestion of the samples of table oil studied. Indeed, we have developed an original method based on the determination of the detection efficiencies of CR-39 and LR-115 II solid nuclear track detectors for alpha particles emitted from the uranium 238 and thorium 232 series to evaluate 238U, 23Th, 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in different table oil samples. We were able to determine doses of radiation due to 238U, 232Th and 222Rn received by individuals of the Moroccan, French, Italy, Spain and Tunisia populations following the ingestion of table oil. The effective doses committed due to 238U, 232Th and 222Rn following the ingestion of the table oil by the consumers were determined. The maximum total committed effective dose was found equal to (10±0.7) µSv·y−1 of the Moroccan population, (11.6±0.7) µSv·y−1 of the French population, (10.3±0.7) µSv.y−1 of the Italian population, (10.4±0.5) µSv·y−1 of the Spanish population and (10.5±0.7) µSv·y−1 of the Tunisian population is much lower than the average dose given by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation [1] for ingestion (0.2 to 0.8 mSv·y−1). The results obtained using our method are in very good agreement with those obtained using the model of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

13

Maria Skłodowska-Curie i Ernest Rutherford - przyjaźń, współpraca i rywalizacja

Piskurewicz Jan

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2019

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T. 64, nr 4

25--42

EN

For the first quarter of the 20th century, the Curie Laboratory and the Ernest Rutherford Laboratory were the two main research centers for radioactivity. Both dealt with the same field, but had different priorities from the beginning. The Paris laboratory focused on discovering and studying the properties of new radioactive elements, while Rutherford in his laboratories in Montreal, and later in Manchester and Cambridge, tried, above all, to explain the very nature of radioactivity. There was a clear competition between the two laboratories, which, however, did not preclude personal and scholarly cooperation between their heads of research, i.e. Maria Skłodowska-Curie and Ernest Rutherford. The article discusses the main topics of this collaboration, such as developing a radium template, assigning scientific terminology, organizing scientific conferences, and preparing students. In addition, a few passages were devoted to the private relations between both scientists, which had a direct impact on their collaboration.

14

Distribution of natural radioactivity around mechanized and non mechanized mining regions

Idriss Hajo, Salih Isam, Abdelbagi Hiaty, Higazi Abdelrahman, Ali Nagi I.

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 4

1139--1147

EN

This study was conducted to assess the radiological impacts of mining activities in mechanized and non-mechanized mining sites in order to build up database records for non-nuclear industries. Measurements of 226Ra, 226Th and 40K in 50 soil samples collected from these sites were carried out using gamma spectrometry system. The investigations showed that the highest concentrations of these radionuclides were 32, 37 and 648 Bq/kg, respectively . The average values in the mechanized region were 16±7, 22±9 and 366±148 Bq/kg, respectively, while in non-mechanized region they were 9±4, 12±6 and 111±68 Bq/kg, respectively. Spearman’s rank correlation test resulted in signifcant correlations (at 0.01 level) between 226Ra and 232Th (0.6) and 40K (0.8) in the mechanized region, while 232Th correlated with 40K (0.445) in the non-mechanized region. At 0.05 level, only 232Th is correlated with 40K in mechanized area (0.58). Between the two groups, only 40K in the mechanized area showed signifcant correlation to 232Th in the non-mechanized area (0.497) at 0.05 level. The 226Ra/232Th ratios were 0.88±0.66 and 0.77±0.23 in the two regions, while 226Ra/40K ratios were much lower than natural. This is attributed to weathering and metrological conditions rather than mining activity. Some radiological parameters were assessed displayed in general, signifcantly low values when compared with average global and recommended values. It can be concluded that both mechanized mining and non-mechanized mining do not signifcantly alter the levels of natural radioactive elements and do not give rise to a signifcant radiation exposure for the mining workers or population.

15

Uran w szkle historycznym

Kunicki-Goldfinger J. J.

Szkło i Ceramika

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2018

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R. 69, nr 1

16--21

PL

W pracy omówiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z występowaniem uranu w szkle historycznym, takie jak: naturalna zawartość uranu w szkle, historia szkła uranowego, jego wybrane właściwości oraz radioaktywność szkieł historycznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem szkieł uranowych.

EN

The paper discusses selected issues related to an occurrence of uranium in historical glass, such as a natural occurrence of uranium in glass, history and selected properties of uranium glass as well as radioactivity of historical glasses with a particular attention to uranium glasses.

16

Health risk profile for terrestrial radionuclides in soil around artisanal gold mining area at Alsopag, Sudan

Idriss H., Salih I., Alaamer A. S., AL-Rajhi M. A., Osman A., Adreani T. E., Abdelgalil M. Y., Ali N. I.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 4

673–-681

EN

This study shows the assessment of radiation hazard parameters due to terrestrial radionuclides in the soil around artisanal gold mining for addressing the issue of natural radioactivity in mining areas. Hence, the levels 238U, 232Th, 40K and 226Ra in soil (using gamma spectrometry), 222Rn in soil and 222Rn in air were determined. Radiation hazard parameters were then computed. These include absorbed dose D, annual effective dose E, radium equivalent activity Raeq, external hazard Hex, annual gonadal dose equivalent hazard index AGDE and excess lifetime cancer risk ELCR due to the inhalation of radon (222Rn) and consumption of radium (226Ra) in vegetation. Uranium (238U), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) averages were, respectively, 26, 36 and 685 Becquerel per kilogram (Bq kg-1). Soil radon (4671 Bq m-3) and radon in air (14.77 Bq m-3) were found to be less than worldwide data. Nevertheless, the average 40K concentration was 685 Bq kg-1. This is slightly higher than the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation average value of 412 Bq kg-1. The obtained result indicates that some of the radiation hazard parameters seem unsavory. The mean value of absorbed dose rate (62.49 nGy h-1) was slightly higher than average value of 57 nGy h-1 (~ 45% from 40K), and that of AGDE (444 lSv year-1) was higher than worldwide average reported value (300 lSv year-1). This study highlights the necessity to launch extensive nationwide radiation protection program in the mining areas for regulatory control.

17

150-lecie urodzin Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie, dwukrotnej laureatki Nagrody Nobla (w 1903 i 1911 r.)

Rurarz E., Sobieszczak-Marciniak M.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2017

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z. 3

30--39

PL

Rok 2017 jest czasem wielu rocznic związanych z Marią Skłodowską-Curie i jej dokonaniami. 150 rocznica urodzin uczonej, 120 rocznica urodzin Ireny Joliot-Curie, 10 rocznica śmierci Ewy Curie Labouisse i 85 rocznica otwarcia Instytutu Radowego w Warszawie to przyczynek do wielu wydarzeń i artykułów na temat życia, odkryć i osiągnięć Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie. Historia badań nad promieniotwórczością, pierwiastkami promieniotwórczymi, to historia fizyki jądrowej, chemii radiacyjnej i onkologii. Oczywiście Maria i Piotr Curie nie byli jedynymi uczonymi zajmującymi się tymi dziedzinami, ale niewątpliwie to właśnie oni, a właściwie Maria Skłodowska-Curie była inicjatorką tak nowoczesnego myślenia o atomie. To dzięki jej uporowi, odwadze w stawianiu pytań i wydawałoby się niemożliwych do udowodnienia hipotez, nauka zawdzięcza nowe metody badawcze i pierwiastki promieniotwórcze. To jej kompleksowe myślenie o badaniach naukowych i medycynie dało początek nowoczesnym metodom leczenia nowotworów, powstanie dwóch bliźniaczych placówek onkologicznych- Instytutów Radowych w Paryżu i w Warszawie otworzyło drogę do budowy całej sieci onkologicznej i kompleksowego leczenia pacjentów.

EN

Year 2017 is a year of many anniversaries connected with Maria Skłodowska-Curie and her achievements. The 150th anniversary of the birth of Maria Skłodowska-Curie, the 120th anniversary of the birth of Irena Joliot-Curie’s, the 10th anniversary of Eve Curie Labouisse’s death and the 85th anniversary of the opening of the Radium Institute in Warsaw represent a contribution to many events and articles on Maria Skłodowska-Curie’s life, discoveries and accomplishments. The history of research on radioactivity and radioactive elements is the history of nuclear physics, radiation chemistry and oncology. Obviously, Maria and Piotr Curie were not the only scientists involved in these fields, but undoubtedly they, or Maria Skłodowska-Curie actually, who initiated such modern thinking about the atom. It is thanks to her persistence and courage to ask questions, as well as her perseverance in proving hypotheses that had been almost impossible to prove, the science owes new research methods and radioactive elements. It is Maria Curie’s comprehensive thinking about the research and medicine that has given rise to modern methods of cancer treatment, the establishment of two twin oncology centres: the Radium Institute in Paris and in Warsaw. These have opened the way to building the entire oncology network and comprehensive patient treatment.

18

Analysis of AP1000 radioactive material release accidents with MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS)

Niewiński G., Stępień M., Góral K.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2017

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Vol. 97, nr 5

446--454

EN

The probable introduction in the medium term of nuclear energy into the Polish national power system has become a source of anxiety in society. While Poland already has a research nuclear reactor (acronym: MARIA) at the National Center for Nuclear Research in Świerk, near Warsaw, issues regarding safety and the possible consequences of an accident in the first baseload nuclear power plant have triggered public debate. As part of the licensing process of any newly designed reactor, scenarios for a range of accidents at the plant together with their consequences must be modeled, analyzed and presented in the licensing documentation. In this context a model was built based on a complex set of data - including data provided by the reactor manufacturer, location and environmental data, weather conditions and possible accident scenarios to perform simulations with a computational tool called MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS). MACCS is used to perform accident-related calculations, including release of radioactive material to the atmosphere and short and longterm consequences. The analysis involved releases of radioactive material from an AP1000 nuclear reactor assumed to be located on the Polish seacoast and demonstrates that the lethality and incidence of cancer caused by radioactive release are significantly lower than natural.

19

Kruszywa z żużla powstającego przy produkcji miedzi i możliwości ich wykorzystania w świetle wymagań ochrony środowiska

Rajczyk K., Rolka G., Gambal P.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2016

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R. 9, nr 27

84--94

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań promieniotwórczości naturalnej kruszyw wyprodukowanych w KGHM Metraco S.A. z żużla powstającego przy produkcji miedzi. Porównano poziom aktywności promieniotwórczej kruszyw naturalnych i sztucznych oraz surowców i materiałów budowlanych. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na właściwości kruszyw z żużla pomiedziowego w świetle wymagań ochrony środowiska oraz pod kątem jego przydatności dla budownictwa drogowego. Oceniono możliwość zastosowania odpowiednich frakcji kruszyw pomiedziowych jako substytutu kruszyw naturalnych do produkcji betonów samozagęszczalnych.

EN

In this elaboration, the results of testing the aggregates natural radioactivity, produced by KGHM Metraco form slag originated from production of copper, were shown. The level of natural and artificial aggregates as well as raw and building materials radioactivity was compared. The attention was focused on the properties of copper slag aggregates in terms of environmental protection as well as their utility in road engineering. The possibility of using appropriate copper slag aggregates fractions against natural aggregates to SCC was evaluated.

20

Naturalna promieniotwórczość radonu - pochodzenie, zagrożenia oraz sposoby redukcji jego stężeń w budynkach mieszkalnych

Michalak P.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 2/I

455--464

PL

W artykule przedstawiono obecną wiedzę na temat promieniotwórczości radonu i związanych z nim zagrożeń, głównie chorób nowotworowych. Radon i produkty jego rozpadu wchłaniane przez układ oddechowy człowieka wykazują działanie niekorzystne przede wszystkim na płuca. Mają one też największy udział w narażeniu radiacyjnym mieszkańców Ziemi. Podwyższone stężenia radonu obserwuje się w budynkach mieszkalnych. Powszechnie obecny w środowisku gaz przenika do budynków z podłoża, w wyniku różnicy ciśnień i temperatur. Migracja radonu z gruntu do pomieszczeń mieszkalnych odbywa się poprzez mikroszczeliny, pęknięcia i otwory konstrukcyjne w fundamentach lub nieszczelności otworów instalacyjnych. Ciepłe powietrze znajdujące się wewnątrz nagrzanego budynku działa jak pompa ssąca, wyciągając radon z gleby, niższych kondygnacji budynku oraz ze ścian zewnętrznych. W artykule opisano sposoby minimalizacji jego poziomu w obiektach budowlanych, zarówno tych już istniejących jak i nowo projektowanych. Budowa geologiczna danego terenu okazuje się mieć istotny wpływ na stężenia radonu w gruncie, co się przekłada na jego zawartość wewnątrz budynków. Dokonano także analizy aktualnej sytuacji radiacyjnej kraju pod kątem występowania podwyższonego stężenia radonu. Najbardziej narażone na podwyższone stężenia radonu m.in domy posadowione na obszarach płytkiej eksploatacji złóż rudy i węgla oraz w rejonach intensywnej eksploatacji górniczej. Na terenie Polski występuje stosunkowo niewiele takich obszarów. Przeprowadzone tam analizy wykazują jednak możliwość przekroczenia w budynkach mieszkalnych dopuszczalnego przez prawo poziomu radonu.

EN

The article presents the current knowledge about radioactive radon and related risks, especially cancer. Radon and its decay products absorbed by the human respiratory system exhibit non-preferred effects, primarily on the lungs. They also have the largest share of exposure to radiation on Earth's inhabitants. Elevated radon concentration is observed in residential buildings. The gas widely present in the environment passes into buildings from the soil due to the difference of pressures and temperatures. Migration of radon from the soil to the living areas is done by microcracks, cracks and holes in the foundation or structural holes in installation. The warm air inside the heated building acts as a suction pump, pulling radon from the soil, the lower floors of the building and the walls. This article describes how to minimize its level in buildings, both existing and newly designed. The geological structure of the area appears to have a significant effect on the concentration of radon in ground, which results in the higher content inside buildings. The analysis of the current radiation situation of the country for the presence of elevated levels of radon was also made. Most exposed to elevated levels of radon are among the others houses sited in areas of shallow mining ore and coal, and in areas of intensive mining. On the Polish territory there is relatively few such areas. Analysis conducted there shows, however, that the level of radon could be exceeded in residential areas.