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1

Time-unit shifting in 2-person games played in finite and uncountably infinite staircase-function spaces

Romanuke Vadim

Journal of Mathematics and Applications

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2022

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Vol. 45

133--179

EN

A computationally efficient and tractable method is presented to find the best equilibrium in a finite 2-person game played with staircase-function strategies. The method is based on stacking equilibria of smaller-sized bimatrix games, each defined on a time unit where the pure strategy value is constant. Every pure strategy is a staircase function defined on a time interval consisting of an integer number of time units (subintervals). If a time-unit shifting happens, where the initial time interval is narrowed by an integer number of time units, the respective equilibrium solution of any “narrower” subgame can be taken from the “wider” game equilibrium. If the game is uncountably infinite, i. e. a set of pure strategy possible values is uncountably infinite, and all time-unit equilibria exist, stacking equilibria of smaller-sized 2-person games defined on a rectangle works as well.

2

Mathematical analysis of a MERS-Cov coronavirus model

DarAssi Mahmoud H., Shatnawi Taqi A. M., Safi Mohammad A.

Demonstratio Mathematica

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2022

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Vol. 55, nr 1

265--276

EN

In this study, we have proposed a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome disease. The model consists of six-coupled ordinary differential equations. The existence of the corona-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium points has been proved. The threshold condition for which the disease will die out or becomes permanent has been computed. That is the corona-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable whenever the reproduction number is less than unity, and it is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) whenever the reproduction number is greater than unity. Moreover, we have proved that the endemic equilibrium point is GAS whenever the reproduction number is greater than unity. The results of the model analysis have been illustrated by numerical simulations.

3

Ekologia i równowaga

Trzaska Mariola

Zieleń Miejska

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2021

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Nr 3

22--23

PL

Trendy to kierunki, w których zmierzamy w różnych dziedzinach życia. Często słyszymy, że coś jest modne w tym sezonie i robimy wszystko, by być na topie. W architekturze krajobrazu to pojawiające się elementy w ogrodach, kolory i materiały, jakie będą dominować w otaczającej przestrzeni w nadchodzącym roku, są naszym wyznacznikiem. I co zaskakujące, trendy tak naprawdę nie idą nigdy w jednym kierunku, co daje szansę na modne aranżacje w różnych stylach, a także na łączenie kilku stylów w jednej aranżacji.

4

Reflection on the Human Living Environment in Connection with Sustainable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 1

39--44

EN

The author reflects on the possibility of implementing the idea of sustainable development in the environment of human life in various areas and between them. He begins by answering the question what is the human living environment, presents the typology of the areas that make up this environment and indicates the role of human in destroying it. Then, he analyzes selected pairs of areas of the human living environment that are opposite to each other (genuine – artificial, external – internal, natural – social, real – virtual, as well as local – global) because of the possibility of maintaining a balance within them and between them. The balance is a prerequisite for effective implementation of the idea of sustainable development. Finally, he made several conclusions resulting from his reflection.

PL

Autor zastanawia się nad możliwością realizacji idei zrównoważonego rozwoju w środowisku życia człowieka w różnych obszarach i między nimi. Zaczyna od odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym jest ludzkie środowisko życia, przedstawia typologię obszarów tworzących to środowisko i wskazuje na rolę człowieka w jego niszczeniu. Następnie analizuje wybrane pary obszarów ludzkiego środowiska życia, które są przeciwstawne sobie (naturalne – sztuczne, zewnętrzne – wewnętrzne, przyrodnicze – społeczne, realne – wirtualne, a także lokalne – globalne) ze względu na możliwość utrzymania równowagi w nich i między nimi. Równowaga jest warunkiem koniecznym dla skutecznego wdrażania idei rozwoju zrównoważonego. Na koniec wyciągnął kilka wniosków wynikających z tej refleksji.

5

Legal Problems Concerning Implementation of Sustainable Ecotourism in Russia

Ivanova Svetlana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 2

209--216

EN

This paper proposes a fresh look at ecotourism within the framework of sustainable development. The author discusses selected issues involved in the sphere of ecotourism and proposes new ways to improve its current practice in Russia. Answers to questions of the nature, significance, and consequences of ecotourism, the relationship between sustainable development and ecotourism, and the problems of sustainable use of wildlife have been given. The comparative study of practical experience in facilitating ecotourism initiatives overseas has allowed the author to argue their conclusions and recommend a specific scientific approach to the sustainable use of wildlife in Russia.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano nowe spojrzenie na ekoturystykę w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju. Autorka omawia wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu ekoturystyki i proponuje nowe sposoby doskonalenia jej dotychczasowych praktyk w Rosji. Przedstawiono propozycje odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące natury, znaczenia i konsekwencji ekoturystyki, relacji między zrównoważonym rozwojem a ekoturystyką oraz problemów zrównoważonego użytkowania dzikiej przyrody. Analiza porównawcza praktycznych doświadczeń zagranicznych inicjatyw ekoturystycznych pozwoliła autorce zaproponować nowe naukowe podejście do zrównoważonego użytkowania dzikiej przyrody w Rosji.

6

Porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi

Tokarski Tomasz

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2021

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nr 9

17-21

PL

Upadek, spowodowany na przykład utratą równowagi, stanowi bardzo częstą przyczynę wypadków przy pracy. Problem ten dotyczy zwłaszcza pracowników starszych. Okazuje się, że każdego roku blisko 1/3 osób po 65. roku życia ulega upadkom. Narażone są m.in. osoby o pogorszonych parametrach fizycznych. Do tych niekorzystnych zmian dochodzi wraz z postępującym procesem starzenia, a także na skutek uszkodzeń układu ruchu. Wraz z wiekiem rośnie więc częstość upadków, a ich skutki dla zdrowia stają się coraz poważniejsze. W artykule opisano badania nad osobami z grupy wiekowej 60-67 lat. Ich celem było: po pierwsze – porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych (tj. parametrów chodu, koordynacji wzrokowo ruchowej, siły mięśniowej oraz zdolności utrzymywania równowagi) osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi, a po drugie – wskazanie tych parametrów, które mogą mieć wpływ na większą skłonność do upadku. Tymczasem różnice pomiędzy parametrami uzyskanymi dla obu badanych grup okazały się niewielkie i statystycznie nieistotne.

EN

Falling out of balance is a very common cause of accidents at work. Older workers are particularly affected by this problem. It turns out that each year nearly 1/3 of people over 65 experience a fall. Particularly vulnerable are, inter alia, people with impaired physical parameters. These unfavourable changes occur along with the progressive aging process and as a result of damage to the locomotor system. Thus, the frequency of falls increases with age, and the effects on health become more severe. The article describes research on people in the 60-67 age group. Their aim was: firstly – to compare selected biomechanical parameters (i.e. parameters of walking, eye-hand coordination, muscle strength and the ability to maintain balance) of people after a fall and people who did not fall, and secondly – to indicate those parameters that may have an influence on a greater tendency to fall. Meanwhile, the differences between the parameters obtained for both studied groups turned out to be small and statistically insignificant.

7

Postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics

Omorczyk Jarosław, Wrześniewski Krzysztof, Staszkiewicz Robert, Puszczałowska-Lizis Ewa

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

155--162

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was the assessment of postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics. Methods: The study comprised 34 athletes aged 8–12, practicing artistic gymnastics at a sports club „Korona Kraków”. The research tool was CQ-Stab 2P two-platform posturograph. The elevation was achieved using the Light SPL platform. The data were analyzed based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: The height at which the posturograph was set differentiated the path length of the statokinesiogram, both in the natural stance ( p = 0.035) and tandem stance (p = 0.012). When the posturograph was placed on the floor, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001), mean amplitude of COP displacement (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p = 0.048) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. On the other hand, when the posturograph was placed on a landing, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p < 0.001) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. Conclusions: Increasing height was accompanied by deterioration of stability indices. Postural stability improves with training experience.

8

Differentiating fallers from nonfallers using nonlinear variability analyses of data from a low-cost portable footswitch device: a feasibility study

Gonabadi Arash, Antonellis Prokopios, Malcolm Philippe

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 2

139--145

EN

Purpose: Falls are one of the main causes of injuries in older adults. This study evaluated a low-cost footswitch device that was designed to measure gait variability and investigates whether there are any relationships between variability metrics and clinical balance tests for individuals with a history of previous falls. Methods: Sixteen older adults completed a history of falls questionnaire, three functional tests related to fall risk, and walked on a treadmill with the footswitch device. We extracted the stride times from the device and applied two nonlinear variability analyses: coefficient of variation and detrended fluctuation analysis. Results: The temporal variables and variability metrics from the footswitch device correlated with gold-standard measurements based on ground reaction force data. One variability metric (detrended fluctuation analysis) showed a significant relationship with the presence of past falls with a sensitivity of 43%. Conclusion: This feasibility study demonstrates the basis for using low-cost footswitch devices to predict fall risk.

9

Classic and indicative methods in the analysis of the foot arch and foot loads in professional folklore dancers on the basis of stabilographic tests

Gorwa Joanna, Nowakowska-Lipiec Katarzyna, Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Wodarski Piotr, Michnik Robert

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

53--61

EN

Purpose: The proper shape of the foot determines its proper functioning and efficiency, which is significant as far as dancers are concerned. The aim of the study was to identify the arch of feet based on the Arch Index (AI), ability to maintain balance on the basis of stabilometric parameters and the distribution of loads acting on the feet of professional folk dancers. Methods: The study group was composed of 37 folk dancers and the reference group consisted of 56 healthy adults aged 19–45. Balance measurements were performed using the Zebris FDM-S measurement platform, Romberg test with eyes open. Test results were exported to the Matlab 2019b computing environment. The algorithm developed by the Authors in relation was used to calculate Arch Index for the right and left foot, for each test participant separately. Results: Statistical tests did not reveal statistically relevant differences between stabilometric parameters and loads affecting feet in the reference group and that of the dancers. The statistical tests revealed that the value of the AI differed significantly in the reference group and in the group of professional folk dancers (p = 0.05). The differences were also observed in the group of females (p = 0.003). No statistically relevant differences were observed in relation to the group of males (p = 0.116). The percentage of the feet with high arch in the group of dancers amounted to 26%; 33% of dancers’ feet were classified as the feet with low arch. Conclusions: The feet of professional folk dancers have a statistically more arched foot than the reference group.

10

Altered postural stability in elderly women following a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality

Cieślik Błażej, Serweta Anna, Federico Sara, Szczepańska-Gieracha Joanna

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 1

107--111

EN

Purpouse: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality on postural stability in elderly women. Methods: Forty-seven female subjects underwent a 20-minute virtual reality session. The mean age of the subjects was 70.12 years. As an immersive source, we used a relaxing virtual reality game with a head-mounted display device. The postural stability test was conducted using a Nintendo Wii force plate. Participants completed a set of three 30-s trials in which they took a quiet bipedal eyes-open stance while standing on a hard surface: before the virtual reality session, immediately after the virtual reality session, and 2 minutes after the virtual reality session. Centre of pressure parameters were analysed in the sagittal and frontal planes. Results: Analysing the results obtained immediately after the virtual reality session, significant differences were observed in almost all examined parameters. In the sagittal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 10% (p < 0.01) and path standard deviation by 15% (p < 0.05). In the frontal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 14% (p < 0.01). After 2 minutes, all examined parameters showed no significant difference compared to before the virtual reality session. Conclusions: Immediately after the virtual reality session, there was an increase in almost all examined parameters. However, after 2 minutes, all examined parameters had returned to baseline. Therefore, to reduce fall risk after a virtual reality session, it is recommended that the subject spend at least 2 minutes in a sitting position.

11

Analityczne modele eurokodowe i symulacje numeryczne wyboczenia technicznego prętów stalowych

Giżejowski Marian, Wiedro Paweł

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2020

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R. 76, nr 1-2

41--49

PL

Przedstawiono problematykę oceny nośności przy wyboczeniu technicznym prętów ściskanych, zwichrzeniu prętów zginanych w płaszczyźnie większej bezwładności przekroju oraz wyboczeniu giętno-skrętnym prętów zginanych w płaszczyźnie większej bezwładności przekroju i ściskanych. Przytoczono analityczne modele eurokodowe oraz dokonano identyfikacji zastępczej imperfekcji geometrycznej do budowy imperfekcyjnych modeli numerycznych wyboczenia technicznego. Na przykładzie oceny nośności przy wyboczeniu słupa stalowego porównano różne podejścia analityczne oraz numeryczne.

EN

Problems related to the technical buckling resistance of compressed members, lateral-torsional buckling of members bent in the plane of section greater moment of inertia and flexural-torsional buckling of members compressed and bent in the plane of section greater moment of inertia are presented. Analytical Eurocode models are quoted and equivalent geometric amplitudes to build imperfect numerical models have been identified. Various analytical and numerical approaches were compared on examples of the buckling resistance assessment of a real steel column.

12

The differences in postural stability between cross-country and Alpine skiers with intellectual disabilities

Gimunová Marta, Skotáková Alena, Grün Vojtěch, Jenčíková Kateřina, Daněk Leoš, Hlinský Tomáš, Svobodová Lenka, Kalichová Miriam, Válková Hana

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

133--138

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyse differences in postural stability between athletes with ID competing in Alpine and Cross country (XC) skiing to assess the effect of special sports training on postural stability in persons with ID. Methods: Athletes with ID were divided into four groups by their discipline: Alpine skiers (n = 9), XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km (n = 10), XC skiers 500 to 1000 m (n = 18) and XC skiers 50 and 100 m (n = 10). All participants were asked to stand barefooted on the Zebris FDM platform (Medical GmbH, Germany) with their eyes open and closed. To compare differences between groups one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD test was used. To compare the difference between the eyes open and closed, t-test was used. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between Alpine and XC skiers in analysed variables. The analysis of COP velocity showed superior postural stability in XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km compared to XC skiers 500 and 1000 m. In XC skiers 500 and 1000 m, XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km and Alpine skiers a significant increase in COP velocity was observed when having the eyes closed. In XC skiers 50 and 100 m, no statistically significant differences between the eyes open and closed conditions were observed. Conclusions: Despite different sports training, no difference between Alpine and XC skiers in postural stability was observed. When comparing XC skiers, better postural stability was observed in skiers running longer distances, suggesting that this sports training enhances balance skills needed in everyday life.

13

Effects of water injection to the fuel and air mixture on equilibrium gas composition in combustion products and selected parameters of the theoretical Otto cycle

Sucheta Andrzej

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

95--102

EN

Moisturizing the intake air by spraying water in the liquid phase significantly lowers the intake air temperature, mainly due to the high value of latent heat of evaporation. The paper presents a methodology for calculating the parameters of the air-fuel mixture after water injection and during subsequent processes of the Otto cycle: compression, combustion and expansion of exhaust gases. For octane as a fuel, exemplary calculations have been carried out to investigate the effect of water injection on the composition of combustion products and selected parameters of the theoretical Otto cycle (temperature, pressure, output power and thermal efficiency).

14

Zastosowanie systemu analizy ruchu BTS do określenia chwili utraty stabilności

Matuszewska Agata, Liszkowski Jakub, Walczak Tomasz, Buśkiewicz Jacek

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2019

|

z. 17

69--76

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono próbę wyznaczenia chwili utraty stabilności dla upadków z pozycji statycznej. Pozycją początkową, jaką przyjmowała osoba badana, było stanie na dwóch nogach z rękami wzdłuż tułowia. Rejestracji ruchu dokonano dzięki wykorzystaniu systemu BTS. W celu wyznaczenia chwili utraty stabilności zaproponowano i opracowano własne miary i parametry, bazujące na pomiarach wykonanych z użyciem platform dynamometrycznych oraz systemu analizy ruchu. Dla analizowanego przypadku ruchu wielkości te pozwoliły na szacunkowe wyznaczenie chwili utraty stabilności.

EN

Assessing of human stability loss was performed at this work in case of falls from a static position. At the beginning patient takes the starting position as standing on two legs with hands along the thorax. Human motion registration was performed by using BTS system. In order to determine the instant of human stability loss the new measures and parameters were proposed, which based on measurements from force platforms and motion analysis system. These parameters allowed to assess the instant of stability loss for analyzed motion.

15

Do different muscle strength levels affect stability during unplanned gait termination?

Cen Xuanzhen, Jiang Xinyan, Gu Yaodong

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 4

27--35

EN

Unplanned gait termination (UGT) widely occurs in various sports and daily life as a kind of stress response to unexpected stimulus. However, the body stability may be greatly affected when the body completely stops. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between muscle strength levels and body stability during UGT through comparing the plantar pressure. Methods: Twenty healthy participants (10 male and 10 female) with different lower limbs muscle strength and power were asked to perform planned gait termination (PGT) and unplanned gait termination (UGT) on an 8-m walkway. Related plantar pressure data including maximum pressure, maximum force, contact area and center of pressure were recorded with Footscan pressure platform. Results: Two types of gait termination have significant differences in the plantar pressure distribution. Maximum pressure and maximum force in the lateral metatarsal increased significantly during UGT, compared to PGT. At the same time, data from the current study suggested that there might be a correlation between the muscle strength levels of individual and the stability during the gait termination, especially between the muscle power and UGT, which means that the more excellent muscle power an individual has, the more stable the body is when UGT is performed. Conclusions: The findings suggest that different muscle strength levels could affect stability during unplanned gait termination.

16

Some Legal Problems Concerning Implementation of Sustainable Use of Wildlife Concept in the Russian Federation

Ivanova Svetlana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2018

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Vol. 13, nr 2

147--156

EN

The article offers a new perspective on the problems of sustainable use and conservation of wildlife in the context of the concept of sustainable development. The author proposes to depart from the approach currently existing in Russia to the sustainable use of wildlife, which includes measures to preserve and use only certain species of wild animals that are more economically relevant for human beings. The ways and means to realize the concept of sustainable development proposed by the author make it possible to ensure Russia's economic, environmental and social concerns, based upon the principle of relationship between different species of wild animals.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia z nowej perspektywy problematykę zrównoważonego wykorzystywania i ochrony dzikiej przyrody w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju. Autorka proponuje odejście od obecnie istniejącego w Rosji podejścia do zrównoważonego wykorzystywania dzikiej fauny i flory, które obejmuje działania mające na celu zachowanie i wykorzystywanie tylko niektórych gatunków dzikich zwierząt, które są bardziej istotne ekonomicznie dla ludzi. Proponowane przez autorkę sposoby i środki realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju umożliwiają zapewnienie właściwego traktowania ekonomicznych, środowiskowych i społecznych problemów Rosji, w oparciu o zasadę wzajemnych relacji między różnymi gatunkami dzikich zwierząt.

17

Responsible Development and Durable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2018

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Vol. 13, nr 1

113--120

EN

In this article, it analyzes two contemporary models of social and economic development – responsible development and sustainable development. Reflections on responsibility in the present social and economic context precede reflections about the essence of the model of the responsible development. For various reasons irresponsibility increasingly prevails over responsibility, and responsibility becomes anonymous and fictitious. Thus, the tendency to behave and to act with impunity grows. One of the forms of responsible development is the so-called smart growth. Above all, people appropriately educated and wise should realize it. Unfortunately, the number of stupid people in the world constantly increases. The model of sustainable development raises doubts from the beginning. Almost all people criticize this model or refer to it in disbelief. Only optimists see it as the only chance for the survival of humanity. The choice between responsible and sustainable development is difficult, because each one is faulty. It would be good to create one model from these two models in a form of their synthesis. Certainly, that is a difficult challenge, but doable.

PL

W artykule analizuje się dwa współczesne modele rozwoju społecznego i gospodarczego – rozwoju odpowiedzialnego i rozwoju trwałego. Rozważania o istocie modelu rozwoju odpowiedzialnego poprzedzone są refleksjami nad odpowiedzialnością w teraźniejszym kontekście społecznym i ekonomicznym. Z różnych przyczyn subiektywnych i obiektywnych nieodpowiedzialność coraz bardziej przeważa nad odpowiedzialnością, a odpowiedzialność staje się anonimowa i fikcyjna. Dlatego rośnie tendencja do zachowania się i działania bezkarnego. Jedną z form rozwoju odpowiedzialnego jest tzw. wzrost inteligentny. Przede wszystkim powinni go realizować ludzie odpowiednio wykształceni i mądrzy. Niestety, w świecie jest coraz więcej głupich. Model rozwoju trwałego budzi wątpliwości od początku. Prawie wszyscy krytykują go lub odnoszą się do niego z niedowierzaniem. Tylko optymiści widzą w nim jedyną szansę na przetrwanie ludzkości. Wybór między rozwojem odpowiedzialnym a trwałym jest trudny, ponieważ każdy z nich jest wadliwy. Być może, dobrze byłoby z tych dwóch modeli stworzyć jeden w postaci ich syntezy. Z pewnością jest to wyzwanie trudne, ale wykonalne.

18

Strategia rozwoju pracownika w organizacji

Ciekanowski Z., Nowicka J., Załoga W.

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2018

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T. 13, nr 1

41--51

PL

W opracowaniu zaprezentowano istotę kariery zawodowej traktowanej jako fundament strategii rozwoju pracownika w organizacji. Przedstawiono zatem karierę zawodową jako proces umożliwiający nabywanie kompetencji ułatwiających osiąganie indywidualnych sukcesów zawodowych. Formalnie określona i udokumentowana ścieżka kariery zawodowej pracownika stanowi podstawę planowania jego kariery w zobiektywizowanym wymiarze. Ścieżka kariery w organizacji może być budowana w różnorodny sposób, zależnie od warunków i możliwości firmy, stąd w opracowaniu scharakteryzowano alokację pracowników, czyli ich przemieszczenia w górę struktury organizacyjnej określane mianem awansu. Podkreślono rolę rozwoju zawodowego pracowników, do którego niezbędne są szkolenia i doskonalenie umiejętności, traktowane jako inwestycja przedsiębiorstwa. W opracowaniu podjęto również istotny temat wyzwań i przyszłych tendencji procesu zarządzania karierą. Wskazano zmianę płaszczyzny postrzegania kariery z ukierunkowania na karierę w pracy na jakość życia i równowagę praca-życie prywatne.

EN

The study presents the essence of a professional career, treated as the foundation of the employee development strategy in the organization. Therefore, a professional career was presented as a process enabling the acquisition of competences facilitating the achievement of individual professional successes. Formally defined and documented career path of an employee is the basis for planning his career in an objectified dimension. The career path in the organization can be built in a variety of ways, depending on the conditions and capabilities of the company, hence the employee’s allocation, ie their displacement up the organizational structure, referred to as promotion, is characterized. The role of professional development of employees is emphasized, to which training and skills development are necessary, treated as an investment of an enterprise. The study also addressed an important topic of challenges and future trends in the career management process. A change in the level of career perception from the focus on career at work on quality of life and work-private life balance was indicated.

19

Spór odnawialnych źródeł energii z atomem

Mielczarski W.

Energetyka – Społeczeństwo – Polityka

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2018

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nr 1(7)

39--44

EN

The article contains an analysis of the power balance and the balance of electricity from the point of view of renewable energy sources. The author indicates that renewable energy sources are not fully available, so they can’t be included in the power balance. It does not matter to the power balance how much power will be installed in renewable sources. This dispute in this area is settled by the laws of physics and no faith, climate beliefs or even money will change that. Renewable energy sources are put into the energy balance for political reasons. As a result of the priority, dispose power plants are not fully used, which results in the need to subsidize conventional power plants. Such subsidies are also applied in Poland. The “power market” being introduced is PLN 40 billion subsidies, mainly for coal-fired power plants.

20

Determination of sorption properties of heavy metals in various biosorbents

Kłos A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 2

201--216

EN

Various techniques of determination of properties of physicochemical processes of heavy metal sorption in biosorbents were analysed. The methods of preparing and storing samples, conditions of experiment performance, as well as the methods of data interpretation were discussed. Two procedures of study were analysed: (1) in the static system of biosorbent-solution contact and (2) in the system of dynamic flow of solution. Copper cation sorption was studied. The effect of consecutive stages of the study on the quality of final results was shown. A high degree of uncertainty of the sorption capacity assessment was reported, which was dependent on the manner of conducting the study. The application of the pseudo-second order reaction model was substantiated to describe kinetics of cation-exchange sorption and the model of Langmuir isotherm to describe equilibria. The study conducted reveals that in order to perform comparative analyses, it is necessary to establish a joint concept of conducting studies and the interpretation of results.