Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Index and statistical methods in water management. A case study from the Mesopotamian marshes, Iraq

Almaarofi S. S., Douabul A. A. Z., Boyacioglu H., Boyacioglu H.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 43, nr 3

21--37

EN

Water quality status of marshes within Mesopotamia has been investigated, and temporal and spatial changes determined by examining causes and effects. Data gathered from predesiccation and after re-flooding periods were subjected to index and statistical analysis. The quality of waters in the region was assigned to polluted class, regarding specific salinity related parameters. Total dissolved solids, chloride and sulfate were main variables negatively impacting the water quality. The main quality parameters creating spatial differences between the selected marshes were electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Temporal differences in dissolved oxygen, salinity, nitrate and phosphate concentrations between the 1980's and 2000's reflected the impact of desiccation and water shortage on the marshes. Salinity and nutrient concentrations generally increased after desiccation compared to their historical levels. These findings indicated that the Mesopotamian marshes had poor water quality due to increase in the concentration of salinity. The study revealed that the index and statistical methods are useful tools identifying water quality and fingerprinting pollution. This will help decision makers to establish strategic and comprehensive water management plans.

2

Quality assessment of 30 various brands of bottled drinking waters in Iran

Mohsen D., Saeid N., Hajer S., Pyrasteh N

Environment Protection Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, nr 4

65--73

EN

During the last three decades bottled water consumption has become the fastest growing and most dynamic sector of all the food and beverage industries. In the study, physical, chemical and microbiological qualities of 30 different brands of bottled water were studied and compared with labeled values. Total hardness and pH values of bottled water were within acceptable range. Concentrations of trace and major chemical elements of all samples were within standard range. Nitrite concentration in all samples was close to zero. Only 6% and 20% of samples had respectively higher than acceptable values of fluorides and turbidity, respectively. Measured concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, fluorides, nitrates, chlorides, pH and (TDS) were significantly different from labeled values on the samples. Twobrand bottles showed positive fecal coliform results while 16 brands of bottled water showed positive HPC results at 37 °C.

3

Zmiany wartości wskaźników jakości wody wraz z głębokością przy ujęciu wody pitnej ze zbiornika Dopczyce

Bogdał A., Policht-Latawiec A., Kołdras S.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1239--1258

EN

The paper presents a comparative and statistical analysis of the changes of water quality indices values with depth on the water intake from Dobczyce reservoir. Moreover, seasonal variability of the tested indices was analysed and water quality with its usable values were assessed. Dobczyce reservoir is a 12 km long and 1.0 km wide submountain dam reservoir. The reservoir area at the maximum impoundment level (maximum water level) is 915 ha, its capacity 112.1 mln m3 and mean depth 10.2 m. It is situated 20 south of Krakow, in the malopolskie voivodship, myślenicki county. Raw water from the reservoir is collected on tower intake which makes possible water intake from three depth levels. Real water extraction on the intake is about 1.0 m3 ∙s-1, guaranteed 2.5 m3 ∙ s-1 and permissible 5.5 m3 ∙ s-1. The investigations conducted in 2008 and 2009 covered selected physicochemical water indices: the temperature, pH, turbidity, electrolytic conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, silica, phosphates, total phosphorus, as well as bioindicator – chlorophyll „a”. At weekly intervals, water samples for laboratory analyses were collected from three depth levels of the reservoir directly at the tower water intake for Krakow. Physicochemical and biological analyses, using referential methods were conducted in the Laboratory of the Municipal Waterworks and Sewer Enterprise in Krakow. For each analysed index mean values for 2008 and 2009 and for the 2008–2009 period of analyses were computed, divided into the winter (October-March) and summer (April-September) half year and for the calendar year (January-December). Statistical significance of the differences between the values of individual indices registered on various depth levels on the reservoir were estimated by nonparametric U Manna-Whitney’a significance test, on α = 0.05. For all investigated indices box-whiskers plots were made which suggestively presented the median, extreme values and 10–90% percentiles. The assessment of Dobczyce reservoir water for drinking water supply for people was conducted following the methodology described in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment [Dz. U. 2002 Nr 204, poz. 1728]. Selected quality parameters of the tested water were also confronted with the requirements stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health dated 29 March 2007 on drinking water quality for people [Dz. U. 2007 nr 61, poz. 417]. Trophic state of Dobczyce reservoir was assessed on the basis of total phosphorus and chlorophyll „a” concentrations, using the criteria stated by OECD. On the basis of data analysis it was established that mean annual values of water temperature, pH, oxygen saturation and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll „a” were decreasing with depth. On the other hand, in the vertical profile, turbidity, electrolytic conductivity, as well concentrations of total suspended solids, phosphates and total phosphorus were increasing. Higher water temperatures and pH values were noted in the summer half-year, whereas dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation and phosphates in the winter half-year. On average for the investigated period, water collected in Dobczyce reservoir on the depth of 3.55 and 9.65 m was classified, respectively to A2 and A3 water category, therefore it required appropriate typical or high performance typical treatment. On the other hand, due to low oxygen saturation in the summer half-year, water on the level of 15.87 m did not meet the standards. Irrespective of the depth, pH and salinity fulfilled the requirements for water intended for direct consumption by people, whereas water turbidity was unsatisfactory all the time. Mean annual concentrations of total phosphorus qualify water collected in the reservoir as mezotrophic, while average and maximum concentrations of chlorophyll „a” allow to regard the water as respectively mezotrophic or eutrophic. Due to relatively big differences in values of the analysed indices, better quality raw water intended for running water outside the growing period supply should be skillfully collected from various depths – generally in the from the shallowest level, in the vegetation season from the middle level and from the lowest level on case higher concentrations of chlorophyll „a” and plankton occur on the first two depths of the reservoir.

4

Wpływ chowu karpia na stan fizykochemiczny wody stawu i odbiornika

Kanownik W., Wiśnios M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2015

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Nr 44

131--138

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań fizykochemicznych wody zasilającej oraz stawów karpiowych w gospodarstwie rybackim Mydlniki w województwie małopolskim. W punktach pomiarowo-kontrolnych usytuowanych na rzece Rudawie przed i poniżej gospodarstwa oraz w czterech stawach hodowlanych oznaczono w wodzie: temperaturę, zawartość tlenu rozpuszczonego, stopień nasycenia tlenem, przewodność elektrolityczną właściwą i pH, oraz stężenie zawiesiny ogólnej, substancji rozpuszczonych, składników mineralnych – SO4 2-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe i Mn, a także związków biogennych (PO43-, N-NH4+, N-NO2 -, N-NO3-). Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że woda rzeki Rudawy zasilająca stawy nie spełnia wymagań, jakim powinny odpowiadać wody śródlądowe stanowiące naturalne środowisko życia ryb karpiowatych. Jej stan fizykochemiczny jest poniżej dobrego ze względu na wysokie stężenie fosforanów. Statystyczna analiza 19 badanych cech wody wykazała pozytywny wpływ chowu karpia na jakość wody w stawach hodowlanych. Stężenie związków biogennych (fosforanów, azotu azotynowego i azotanowego), substancji rozpuszczonych, wapnia oraz przewodność elektrolityczna właściwa wody w stawach zmniejszyło się średnio o 30 do 87% w porównaniu do cieku zasilającego.

EN

The paper presents the results of tests on quality features of feeding water and fish ponds of Mydlniki fish farm in the małopolskie province. The measurement and control points are situated in the river Rudawa before and below the farm and in four breeding ponds were measured in water: temperature, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, electrolytic conductivity, pH, total suspended solids, dissolved solids and concentrations of minerals SO4 2-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe i Mn, and also biogenic compounds (PO43-, N-NH4+, N-NO2 -, N-NO3-). It was found that water from the Rudawa river feeding the ponds did not meet the requirements for inland waters which are the natural environment for the cyprinids. The physicochemical state is below the well due to the high concentration of phosphate. Statistical analysis of 19 tested features revealed a positive effect of the fish ponds on water quality. Concentrations of biogenic compounds (phosphate, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen), dissolved solids, calcium and water conductivity in the fish ponds decreased on average by between 30 and 87% in comparison with the feeding watercourse.

5

Jakość i walory użytkowe wody małej rzeki fliszowej

Policht-Latawiec A., Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Kowalik T., Ostrowski K., Gryboś P.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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Tom 16, cz. 1

546--561

EN

An assessment of the quality and usable values of water from the Ropa river – a left bank tributary to the Wisłok was made in the paper. Its catchment is situated in the south-eastern part of the Malopolska region (Poland) in the Gorlice county. The analyses were conducted in two measurement-control points – point 1. located downstream of Gorlice town at the Ropa river kilometer 20.2, in Biecz and 2. upstream of Gorlice, at the river kilometer 40.5, in Szymbark. 41 river quality parameters were tested in 2009–2011 using reference methods. Water for majority of analyses was sampled once a month, except the specific synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants, priority substances and microbiological indices, whose values were assessed once in three months. On the basis of analysis of the obtained results it was demonstrated that water downstream of Gorlice was classified to the second class of ecological state, only due to BOD5. The other indices were within the first class. On the other hand, upstream of the town, water satisfied the requirements of I class purity. Chemical state of the analyzed waters was below good – among 10 priority indices only cadmium concentration in both points and mercury content in 2. did not meet the environmental quality standards. Water in point 1. cannot be used for water supply to people because of too numerous coliform and faecal coliform bacteria. On the other hand, water in point 2. was qualified to A3 category due to microbiological indices. Water along the analyzed section of the Ropa river did not meet the requirements for the natural habitat for the salmonid or cyprinid fish because of high nitrite concentrations. Basing on the analysis of results from conducted statistical testing, it was stated that the values of 16 out of 24 tested physicochemical indices significantly differed between the control- measurement points. For example, markedly higher values of BOD5, electrolytic conductivity, total soluble solids, sulphates, general hardness, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were registered in water downstream of Gorlice, whereas pH values were lower. Obtained results confirm a negative effect of urbanized areas on the quality of running surface waters.

6

Analysis of risk of failure in water main pipe network and of delivering poor quality water

Boryczko K., Tchórzewska-Cieślak B.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 4

77--92

EN

The method of identifying areas of risk of failure in water pipe network has been presented including presentation and analysis of risk factors for failure in water main pipe network, the proposal of the method for identifying risk areas using a simulation model of the water distribution subsystems (WDS) operation, and an example of application. In the hydraulic model, the failures of main water pipes as well as the operation of the WDS in the case of contamination were simulated. The proposed method consists of preparing the so-called risk maps and the designation of areas in which the limit values for the identified risk, the first type and the second type according to the assumed risk categories (tolerated, controlled and unacceptable) were exceeded.

7

Wymagania stawiane oczyszczalniom ścieków w aspekcie odbiorników ścieków oczyszczonych

Sadecka Z.

Forum Eksploatatora

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2009

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Nr 5 (44)

38-43

PL

Wymagania stawiane oczyszczalniom ścieków zgodnie ze zmieniającymi się Rozporządzeniami nie uwzględniają jakości wód odbiornika. Wprowadzana w kolejnych latach klasyfikacja jakościowa wód, szczególnie z 2008 r. nie ustala granicznych wartości typowych wskaźników zanieczyszczeń fizyczno-chemicznych dla klas III, IV i V.

EN

Requirements placed to sewage treatment plants in accordance with changing Orders do not take into account qualities of waters of the receiver. Introduced in following years the qualitative classification of waters, especially with 2008r. does not fix terminal values of typical indicators of pollutions for classes III, IV and V.

8

Ocena jakości wód powierzchniowych dopływających do zbiornika Solina

Lewkiewicz-Małysa A., Macuda J.

Wiertnictwo, Nafta, Gaz

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2008

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T. 25, z. 2

447-452

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wód powierzchniowych dopływających do Zbiornika Solina. Ze względu na prowadzoną w tym rejonie działalność rolniczą a więc stosowanie nawozów mineralnych i odprowadzanie przez kilkanaście jednostek gospodarczych ścieków komunalnych bezpośrednio do cieków powierzchniowych dopływających do zbiornika, do badań wytypowano główne związki biogenne oraz substancje organiczne określane za pomocą wskaźników BZT5 i ChZT/Mn. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników badań dokonano oceny jakości wód powierzchniowych w głównych ciekach dopływających do Zbiornika Solina oraz wód z niego odpływających.

EN

The results of laboratory analyses of surface waters flowing to the Zbiornik Solina Reservoir are presented in the paper. The analyses were mainly based on biogenic compounds and organic substances determined with BZT5 and ChZT/Mn indices because of the agricultural activity in this area, and so the use of mineral fertilizers and discharge of communal sewage by a dozen of farm households directly to the surface water courses entering the reservoir. The quality of the surface water in the main water courses entering and leaving the Solina Reservoir was determined on the basis of the obtained results.

9

Jakość wody do picia w Koszalinie

Kobiella B., Zerbe J., Lis S., Siepak J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2004

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R. 12, nr 6

196-201

EN

The paper covered the quality of raw and treated ground water from the intakes in Mostowo and Koszalin, used for drinking and other purposes in the municipality. This included a discussion of the effectiveness of the treatment process and conformance with both the Polish and EU quality standards of water intended for human consumption and the recommendations of the World Health Organization for drinking water quality.