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Ochrona powietrza. Co to jest smog? Cz. 1

Krystek J.

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2018

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nr 6

40--41

PL

Jakość powietrza atmosferycznego w polskich miastach, szczególnie zimą, nie jest najlepsza. Co jakis czas ogłaszane są alarmy smogowe.

2

Chemical characterization and source identification of particulate matter PM 10 in a rural and urban site in Poland

Samek L., Zwoździak A., Sówka I.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 4

91--103

EN

The measurements of PM 10 at two sites in Poland - a typical village and a big city considered urban background - indicated only a small difference in PM 10 concentrations. In summer time, the concentrations ofPMlO did not exceed the daily limit value of 50 jig/rn3 while in wintertime, the daily limit value was exceeded for almost all sampling days for both sites. Source contributions to ambient PM 10 were determined with factor analysis (FA) and multilinear regression analysis (MLRA) based on PM1O composition data including concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb and As. In the winter, local combustion sources contributed with 61% and 79% to total mass in the urban and rural sites, respectively, reflecting serious local or even regional problem associated with PMIO pollution. The episodic presence of As, the commonly known toxic element, requires a detailed study for better understanding of its temporal distribution both in the rural and urban atmosphere.

3

Węglowodory aromatyczne z pyłów zawieszonych w powietrzu regionu wielkomiejsko-przemysłowego—analiza jakościowa metodą GC-MS

Matuszewska A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

79-79

EN

The GC-MS method was used for analysis of aromatic fraction components of organic pollutants isolated from airborne dust from industrial-urban region (Upper Silesia, Poland). The results of investigations have confirmed that composition of the analyzed pollutants in summer time were dominated by products of combustion of engine fuels. A series of two to five ring condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), typical for this kind of pollution, was identified. Among the identified unsubstituted PAHs, fluoranthene and pyrene predominate being accompanied by other PAHs such as phenanthrene, cyclopenta(c)pyrene, benzo(c)- phenanthrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, triphenylene, benzofloranthenes, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene, anthanthrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzopyrenes, coronene. The presence of these compounds and their relative concentrations have shown a distinct similarity with the results of obtained by other authors in studies on airborne dust from a different locality of the Upper Silesia. Concentrations of alkylsubstituted PAHs were found to be much lower than those of unsubstituded PAHs. This may indicate that the analyzed pollutions originate mainly during high-temperature pyrolytic processes or also partially secondary processes of oxidation and photolysis under conditions of summer light. It is a very important environmental problem because the secondary processes can result in distinct simultaneous changes of the bioactivity of organic air pollutions. Pyrene as well as fluoranthene dominate among unsubstituted PAHs in analyzed air pollutants. Thanks to this domination and high luminescence yield, pyrene, as well as its alkyl derivatives, were marked especially distinctly in the luminescence spectra, recorded here in a comparative analysis. GC-MS method made it also possible to identify low-polar heterocompounds containing oxygen and sulphur atoms. Among them, several groups of aromatic ether oxygen compounds (such as of the furane, xantene and chromene types) as well as a quinonic compound (antraquinone) were identified. These compounds may originate already during combustion process or in secondary processes in the air abound in oxidants of various type. In studies of complicated phenomena and numerous factors conditioning PAHs composition in air pollution it is necessary to use a great number of various analytical methods and techniques. The most effective seems to be a group of chromatographic methods, mainly capillary GC-MS one. The luminescence method, especially the synchronous technique, is also used here. The latter is, in turn, an effective method for a comparative characteristics of aromatic environmental pollutions.