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1
Content available remote Ścieki pożarnicze w Polsce i na świecie
PL
Dokonano przeglądu problemów związanych z występowaniem i oczyszczaniem ścieków pożarniczych w Polsce i na świecie. Poruszono kwestie dotyczące negatywnego wpływu ścieków pożarniczych na środowisko. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na brak aktów prawnych kwalifikujących jednoznacznie te ścieki do odpowiedniej kategorii ścieków.
EN
A review, with 19 refs., of occurrence and purifn. of fire wastewaters. In particular, a negative effect of the waters on environment was taken in consideration. A lack of legal acts necessary for an unambiguous qualification of the fire wastewaters was pointed out.
PL
Głównym celem niniejszej pracy było określenie wpływu oczyszczania mas włók nistych zzadrukowanej zewnętrznie (3 próbki) oraz zadrukowanej i polakierowa nej (3 próbki) tektury falistej za pomocą sortowania, flotacji oraz następujących po sobie sortowaniu i flotacji na wydajność mas w tych procesach oraz wybrane wskaźniki oceny ich czystości chemicznej i optycznej. Badania wykazały: stosunkowo niską wydajność procesów oczyszczania mas z tektur falistych (wynikającą z dużej zawartości w nich frakcji drobnej i substancji mineralnych, ulegających oddzieleniu w procesach oczyszczania; zawartość ligniny na poziomie l.k. 40-55), wyższą zawartość cętek w masach z tektur lakierowanych, maksymalnie ok. połowiczną efektywność usuwania farby drukarskiej i zaledwie kilkuprocentowy wzrost białości R457 mas po procesach oczyszczania.
EN
The main aim of this work was to determine the effect of cleaning of pulp from externally printed (3 samples) and printed and varnished (3 samples) of old corrugated board (OCC) by means of screening, flotation and subsequent sorting and flotation on the yield of the pulp in these processes and selected indices of assessment of their chemical and optical purity. Research has shown that relatively low yield of pulps from OCC in the cleaning processes results from the high content of fines fraction and mineral substances in them separating during the cleaning processes; lignin content at kappa number level of 40-55 units; higher specs content in pulps from varnished OCC; maximum approximately 50% efficiency of removal of printing ink from such type of pulps and only a few percent increase of their brightness after cleaning processes.
EN
Quartz sand purity dictates its applications, with current research focusing on flotation purification. To investigate the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on quartz flotation, an RKIII single-tank flotation machine was employed at a neutral pH of 6.8, and the impacts of varying ultrasonic powers (120-300 W) and different treatment durations (0-25 min) were discussed. Additionally, ultrasonic pretreatments were carried out in acidic and alkaline environments simulated by 1%-5% solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively. Through the analysis of impurity content in quartz sand, it was found that under natural pH conditions and a power range of 120-300 W, the optimal purification effect was achieved by adding 100 g of quartz sand to 1200 cm3 of deionized water and subjecting it to ultrasonic treatment for 10-15 min. As the ultrasonic power increased, the purification effect was enhanced. The results showed that the removal of Fe2O3, TiO2, and Al2O3 was increased by 10.4%, 3.3%, and 1.2%, respectively, compared with that of the conventional flotation after ultrasonic pretreatment for 15 min with ultrasound power 240 W in a neutral environment. In the optimal 5% HCl solution, the removal rate of Fe2O3 was 11.2% and 21.6% higher than that of the control group and the untreated group, respectively. The removal rate of TiO2 was 4.6% and 7.9% higher, respectively. The removal rate of Fe2O3 increased by 23.2% and that of TiO2 increased by 9.1% with 240 W ultrasonic treatment in 4% NaOH solution.
EN
The use of powdered adsorbents for water purification has many advantages and one major drawback – lack of regeneration due to difficulty in separating powdered particles. This weakness is attempted to be broken by powdered magnetic adsorbents, in particular magnetic ion exchange resins, used to remove natural organic matter (NOM) from water. In this water treatment process, NOM removal is controlled by the adsorbent content in the reactor (adsorbent dose) and the degree of its saturation. The control over the dose and saturation is done by mutual relations between the regenerated resin stream directed to the reactor and the saturated resin stream received from the reactor. An obstacle in balancing these streams is a variable volume of the adsorbent resulting from its varied swelling, depending on the features of the solution and saturation of the adsorbent. For this reason, it was proposed to distinguish new resin dose and content categories adequate to these changes, the use of which allows full control of both streams. Thus, the reactor feed stream was associated with relative fresh resin content (RRC) and relative fresh resin dose (RRD), which indicate the volume occupied by the regenerated adsorbent in the solution of water during purification. However, the stream received from the reactor was associated with saturated resin content (SRC) and saturated resin dose (SRD), which indicate the volume occupied by saturated adsorbent in the solution of water under treatment. In turn, these two categories of contents/doses are related to the swelling degree (ηSR). Another role was assigned to the third dose category, which is absolute fresh resin dose (ARD), referring to the volume occupied by the regenerated adsorbent in the solution of demineralized water. Thanks to two key features with reference properties (demineralized water, regenerated adsorbent), ARD allows one to transfer laboratory results to practice and to compare the results of various research. The resin loss factor described by the ηLS indicator was also included in this structure.
EN
This study was aimed to investigate the development of a technology for the extraction of niobium pentaoxide and ammonium sulfate from titanium-magnesium production waste, specifically, the sublimates of dust chamber into concentrate in the form of niobium pentoxide. Optimal conditions for washing the niobium hydroxide precipitate by repulpation with hot (60–70°C) distilled water, drying at 200°C for 6 hours were determined. The influence of temperature and duration of the process was studied. Optimal conditions for the dynamic desorption of niobium from saturated ionite (Purolite A100) was determined. The results further indicated that the optimum quantity of the solution of desorption with sulfuric acid was equal to 5.5% and ammonium oxalate was equal to 4%, while temperature and the flow rate of the desorbing solution was 22–27°C and 6 rpm, respectively. The study of the precipitation of niobium from sulfuric acid desorbates showed that the interaction of niobium ions with ammonia takes place at a low rate. The degree of precipitation of niobium hydroxide equal to 99.6% was achieved in 7 hours of agitation of the suspension at a temperature of 22–25°C.
EN
Among all known inorganic pollutants of wastewater and natural water that adversely affect water bodies, different living organisms and human beings, iron compounds are the most common. Before discharging the wastewater into water bodies, it is important to remove iron ions from wastewater. The application of capillary materials in water and wastewater treatment is a promising direction of ecology and technology. The capillary properties of materials allow the development of quite simple, autonomous, highly efficient and energy-saving systems for water purification. The aim of the present paper was the investigation of the influence of the basic conditions of the filtration process with the application of capillary materia on the efficiency of iron ions removal. The initial concentration of the model solution, pH and temperature of the filtration process, as well as the contact area of the liquid phase with oxygen of the air were studied. The proposed method is appropriate for the treatment of water in the concentration range from 5 to 10 mg/dm3 with an optimum pH in the range of 4–7. The experimental data showed high efficiency of capillary materials application, providing sufficient removal of iron ions from low concentrated solutions, compared to the traditional method of precipitation. The main advantage of the capillary materials is the simplicity of their application, quite high degree of purification and there no need to consume electricity or additional reagents, which allows creating autonomous water treatment facilities and plants.
EN
Post-mining soil and solid waste from the silica sand refining industry is widespread and the potential long-term impact of toxic metals and metalloids is a significant and under-appreciated issue. This study presents the characteristics of post-mining soil and solid waste resulting from silica sand purification to observe its physical, chemical, and biological composition. Analysis of the physical properties was carried out with reference to ASTM 112-10 and the results show that post-mining soil contains 36.95% sand, 18.80% clay, and 42.74% silt, with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 0.69×10-6 cm•s-1 and 35.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, the solid waste contains 43.35% sand, 35.96% clay, and 20.68% silt with coefficients of permeability and porosity of 1.49×10-6 cm•s-1 and 51.12%. The overall mineralogy and morphology of both samples showed that they have the same chemical composition as gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), spinel (MgAl2O4), akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), monticellite (CaMgSiO4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and hematite (Fe2O3) supports this data. The chemical composition of both samples is SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO, but the post-mining soil has lower heavy metal and nutrient contents compared to solid waste. Meanwhile, solid waste has a high content of heavy metals and nutrients due to washing and bonding from the silica sand purification process. The abundance of bacteria (Colony Forming Unit) for the 10-4 and 10-5 dilutions in post-mining soil was 1.59×103and not detected, while in the solid waste, 4.10×105 and 1.64×105 were found, respectively. This study can be used as base values for modifying the two samples, which can be applied in mining land reclamation.
EN
Contamination of soil and water with petroleum during its extraction, collection, transportation, storage and preparation occurs frequently, and purification of oil spills is one of the pressing environmental problems of oil producing organizations. There are a large number of methods for utilization oil spills. The sorption method in combination with bioremediation is capable of effectively purification of petroleum contaminated soils. The paper shows the possibility of using a carbonized mixture of shungite from the Koksu deposit (Kazakhstan) with rice husk as a sorbent and carrier of microorganism strains. The physicochemical properties and elemental composition, as well as the microstructure of carbonized samples were established. The maximum sorption capacity of carbonized sorbents when purifying the soil samples from oil from the Karazhanbas field was 1.86 g/g after 60 days. The carbonized samples with microorganism strains immobilized on them showed a degree of oil destruction reaching 90%.
EN
Studies of the filtrate of a typical Chervonohrad municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill (Lviv region, Ukraine) were conducted and the optimum operating parameters of stages of aerobic biochemical treatment and reagent treatment of typical filtrate of Chervonohrad MSW landfill by two-stage technology were obtained. Experimental results on the conditions of implementation and efficiency of aerobic biochemical purification of filtrates, as well as reagent purification of filtrates by the modified Fenton method were obtained.
10
Content available remote Technologie oczyszczania gliceryny technicznej
PL
Wraz z rozwojem biorafinerii oraz coraz większą produkcją biodiesla podaż gliceryny z roku na rok rośnie. Pod nazwą „gliceryna” na rynku dostępne są produkty dwóch jakości, których głównym składnikiem jest glicerol: gliceryna surowa (crude glycerol) oraz gliceryna rafinowana (refined glycerol) zawierająca minimum 99,5% mas. glicerolu. Gliceryna rafinowana jest wykorzystywana w technologii produktów kosmetycznych i farmaceutycznych oraz jako surowiec w wielu procesach katalitycznych. Aby otrzymać glicerynę o wysokim stopniu czystości (EP/USP), stosuje się różne metody jej oczyszczania: neutralizację/zobojętnianie, metody destylacyjne (w tym destylację próżniową), metody sorpcyjne, membranowe i ekstrakcyjne oraz derywatyzację. Stosowane w praktyce procesy oczyszczania gliceryny, często wielostopniowe, wykorzystują te metody do usuwania poszczególnych składników ze strumienia surowej gliceryny.
EN
A review, with 49 refs., of processes for refining glycerol by vacuum dist., sorption, membrane methods, extrn. and derivatization.
EN
The use of phytomeliorant plants is one of the promising trends in environmental biotechnology to purify waste water. The study was carried out to understand the phytomeliorative qualities of plants of the indigenous flora of the Turkestan Region under controlled conditions and to develop a method for treating wastewater. It was established that the use of a three-stage treatment of municipal wastewater using phytomeliorant plants: Ceratophуllum demersum L., Potamogeton trichoides Cha. Et Schlecht., Potamogeton pectinatus L., Potamogeton natans L.; Cardamine densiflora N. Gontsch., Sium sizaroideum DC.; Veronica beccabunga L, Veronica anagallis aquatica L. and Azolla caroliniana Willd for 30 days of the controlled experiment reduces the content of organic and mineral ingredients to the MPC values. A method for phyto-meliorative wastewater treatment of one of the sanatoriums in the south of Kazakhstan was developed and carried out in multi-stage bioponds, where water was purified from mineral and organic compounds by 94.9 ± 8.3 – 98.9 ± 7.8% in 12 days. In this study, first of all, nitrogenous compounds were utilized, then there was an active absorption of mineral ions and residual organic matter by plants. In conclusion, significant purification of wastewater was achieved by using indigenous phytomeliorant plants in much shorter time period.
EN
The necessity of development of technical solutions that will allow to reduce carbon monoxide emissions of flue gases of industrial productions is substantiated. It is shown that the most rational design solution to the problem of carbon monoxide pollution during the firing of electrode blanks is the use of aerated concrete blocks with a catalyst, which can be quickly and conveniently located directly on the carbon material of the “green” electrodes pouring in the subfloor space of the firing furnaces. Modified by oxides of Mn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+ -catalysts based on aerated concrete were obtained. It is shown that in an empty reactor in the temperature range 200–400 °С the degree of conversion of carbon monoxide in the absence of a catalyst is zero. It is established that on the investigated catalysts based on aerated concrete 100% oxidation of carbon monoxide is achieved at a temperature of 390 °C in the case of using a mixture of catalyst powders 30% CuO + 70% MnO2, 40% CuO + 60% MnO2, 50% Fe (FexCr1-x) 2O4 + 50% MnO2; 50% Fe3O4 + 50 % MnO2. It is determined that the addition of ferrite catalyst powder in aerated concrete in a mixture or without manganese dioxide does not critically affect the mechanical properties of the products.
EN
The catalysts based on natural zeolite-clinoptilolite of Sokyrnytsia deposit modified with oxides of Mn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+ were synthesized. It was determined that 100% conversion of carbon monoxide was achieved at a temperature of 390°C when using the copper-manganese-oxide catalyst (30% CuO + 70% MnO2). It was shown that although the use of the manganese-oxide catalyst provided 92.8% of CO conversion degree, this catalyst had the most advantages for application compared to the other studied solids. The structural parameters of the manganese-oxide catalyst were determined using XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption. The composition of the main elements of the catalyst samples was determined by micro-X-ray spectral analysis. It was shown that using the catalyst containers in chambers heated by flue gases in the fire channels of a multi-chamber furnace for baking of electrode blanks can be one of the constructive solutions to the problem of flue gas purification from carbon monoxide. The environmental safety of the copper-manganese-oxide catalyst application for the treatment of the flue gases of electrode production is justified by obtaining a catalyst from spent sorbents for purification of the manganese-containing natural water and its non-toxicity in the case of burial or storage in landfills.
EN
Water is very plentiful through the planet in general. Nevertheless, clean drinking water is not always accessible in the proper time or place for sufficient public or ecological use. The water significance is emphasized by the fact that in the past, great cultures have arisen near and along water bodies. Water quality of some purification complexes (compact units) in the Babylon Province (13 compact unit) as compared with Al-Hillah Al Mouahad Project (water treatment plant) was assessed by the Water Quality Index (WQI) methodology. WQI offers a particular number that states the overall water quality at a definite place and period based on many parameters concerning the quality of water. The water produced from the compact units was classified as "good water" according to the WQI classification with the values ranging from 85.4 in Bermana unit to 99.17 in Al-Muamera compact unit. Moreover, the research results showed that the water purification complexes work with efficiency, very close to the performance of large water purification projects and stations, and this means that it is possible to rely on them to obtain good drinking water quality, especially in small or remote areas.
EN
Pervious concrete a sustainable solution with limited fines or no fines and interconnected voids, has many environmental benefits, such as reducing the stormwater run-off, improving the groundwater table, reducing water pollution, and mitigating urban heat island. Many research works have been done in Pervious Concrete (PC) by varying different parameters such as, types of aggregate, aggregate gradation, water-to-cement (w/c) ratio, cement-to-aggregate ratio, geopolymer binder, ultra-high strength Matrix and compaction techniques. All these parameters have direct influences on the strength, porosity, permeability, hydraulic efficiency and durability characteristics of PC. The main aim of this paper is to review the recent work carried out in pervious concrete under six different categories (i) Effect of binders, coarse aggregate, admixtures and fibers used in PC (ii) Mechanical and durability properties (iii) pore structure characteristics (iv) Study on Clogging Effect (v) Role of PC in the water purification process and (vi) Numerical model in PC.
16
Content available A novel method for purification of phosphogypsum
EN
Phosphogypsum is an industrial solid waste from the phosphate fertilizer industry. At present, the accumulation of phosphogypsum has caused very serious economic and environmental problems. A large scale of phosphogypsum is consunmed in the building field. The characteristics of whiteness and phosphorus content are important factors affecting the use of phosphogypsum as a building material. In this study, soluble phosphorus and fluorine were removed by adding lime, and flotation was employed to purify phosphogypsum. A large amount of organic matter and fine slime in the phosphogypsum were removed by reverse flotation, and gypsum was floated by positive flotation. Through the flotation closed-circuit experiment, the whiteness of phosphogypsum was increased from 31.5 to 58.4, the percentage of total phosphorus in gypsum (P2O5) was reduced from 1.78 to 0.89, the grade of calcium sulphate dihydrate was 96.6%, the recovery of concentrate was 74.1%. After removing impurities, the phosphogypsum concentrate reached the first grade national standard of the phosphogypsum building materials in China. The method is cheap and practical, and can be used as an important method for pretreatment of phosphogypsum.
17
Content available remote Research of environmental and technological problems of cavitation
EN
The comparative analysis of systems of conversion of electric energy into mechanical and mechanical into thermal with realization of effect of cavitation in a stream of the liquid transported in a closed circuit is carried out. The optimal dimensions and relief of working surfaces of swirlers in tubular and rotary cavitators are determined. The regularities of the change of the coolant temperature depending on its nature, the intensity of cavitation, which is determined by the rotational-translational and rotational motion in cavitators of two types - tubular and rotary.
EN
In several coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), in Poland, radium removal from mine water was necessary in order to mitigate the negative results of radium release with mine effluents. The most efficient method of radium removal was based on the application of barium chloride, implemented in full technical scale in two Polish collieries. Removal efficiency exceeding 95% of the initial activity was achieved. The technology was implemented in full technical scale in two collieries. The problem was that barium chloride is dangerous to health and moreover continuous use of the powdered chemical was required to achieve good results. Therefore, the possible application of zeolite for radium removal was tested in laboratory experiments. This passive technique would be less hazardous for miners and would not require full-time supervision meaning it would enable a reduction in workload. The main goal of the investigations described in this paper was to check the capability of zeolites to remove natural radionuclides from mine waters and compare the removal efficiency of radium isotopes with the results obtained from the application of barium chloride solution for the same purpose.
EN
The energy efficiency increase problem for railway rolling stock pneumatic systems compressed air preparation is directly connected with its purification and drying technology choice. In the presented materials in the article, the authors find a solution to the problem based on realization analysis of different factors that affect compressed air quality, purification and drying technology choice, as well as based on energy efficiency analysis. To realize the energy-saving events at railway rolling stock compressed air preparation, the authors suggest performing factor analysis influencing on compressed air purification method choice to consider pneumatic system as a module scheme and to employ the modernized construction of the locomotive main tanks.
EN
In this work, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used for the purification of laccase from liquid cultures of Trametes versicolor. For determining the optimal conditions of TPP process, parameters such as initial pH (6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0), ammonium sulphate saturation (20%-80%) and the water phase to tert-butanol ratio (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2), were analyzed. The best conditions with 73% recovery and 24-fold purification was obtained with the use of 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate, water phase to tert-butanol ratio of 1:1 and initial pH 7.0. The molecular mass of the purified laccase secreted by analyzed strain T. versicolor was found for ≈ 66 kDa. The results showed that TPP is an efficient method for the fractionation and purification of laccase obtained from liquid cultures of T. versicolor and it allows for obtaining the relatively pure enzyme without the use of time-consuming and costly chromatographic methods.
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