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PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie terminologii związanej z wojną psychologiczną, omówienie problemów związanych z jej definiowaniem oraz przedstawienie podstawowych sposób jej prowadzenia, jako elementu polityki państwa. Zostaną w nim omówione historyczne oraz obecnie funkcjonujące definicje pojęcia wojna psychologiczna i zjawisk z nią związanych, w szczególności wojny informacyjnej, propagandy, dyplomacji publicznej, informacji międzynarodowej. Wojna psychologiczna jest stałym elementem współczesnej rzeczywistości międzynarodowej, wyjaśnienie związanych z nią definicji może ułatwić analizę zjawiska i prowadzenie dalszych badań w tym zakresie. Zestawienie ze sobą definicji funkcjonujących na Zachodzie oraz naszkicowanie rosyjskiego podejścia do tego zagadnienia może z kolei pomóc lepiej zrozumieć różnice w pojmowaniu i prowadzeniu wojny psychologicznej, jakie występują między Rosją, a państwami NATO, w szczególności Stanami Zjednoczonymi.
EN
This article will present terminology about psychological warfare, questions about its definition and major methods of conducting, as important element of states policies. In the article will be discussed historical and contemporary definitions of psychological warfare and related matters, like for example information warfare, propaganda, public diplomacy, international information. Psychological warfare is permanent element of contemporary inernational relations. Explanation of its definitions could help to analyse this phanomen and to conduct further research on this area. A comparison of Western definitions and Russian point of view on this question could help to better understand diferences in percepction and conducting of psychological warfaer between Russia and NATO countries, first of them USA.
PL
Dostosowanie systemu bezpieczeństwa państwa do nowych form i środków zagrożeń, powodowane terroryzmem i możliwościami prowadzenia działań hybrydowych przez wrogie podmioty, wpływa na ewolucję strategii bezpieczeństwa, co stwierdza autor w odniesieniu do strategii bezpieczeństwa USA, zwracając uwagę na transformację instytucji bezpieczeństwa tego kraju oraz szczególnie na strukturę operacji psychologicznych. W artykule poddana analizie zostaje najnowsza strategia bezpieczeństwa Stanów Zjednoczonych z roku 2015. Opisane zostają najważniejsze kategorie operacji psychologicznych i powiązane z nimi działania praktyczne oraz usytuowanie w nowych ramach organizacyjnych. Jak zostaje potwierdzone przez autora, działania psychologiczne, zarówno sił militarnych, jak i innych sił bezpieczeństwa państwa, stały się dla USA trwałym elementem walki z zagrożeniami dla swojego bezpieczeństwa w zmieniającej się sferze relacji globalnych.
EN
The adjusting of the state security system to new forms and acts of force influenced by terrorism and hostile hybrid operations by different entities affects the evolution of the security strategy. As the author states in description of the security strategy of the United States, with attention given to the transformation of security institutions, and specifically the structure of psychological operations of this country. The author analyses the latest national security strategy of the United States of 2015. In the article there is also a description given of the most important categories of psychological operations and related activities and positioning in the new organizational framework. As is confirmed by the author, psychological operations, of both military and other state security institutions, has become for the USA a permanent element in the protection against threats to its safety, in the changing are of global relations.
3
Content available remote Psychological operations after the Second World War
EN
This paper has two purposes. From the personal side, the topic was chosen because I am interested in the history of psychological operations. To benefit the reader, I address psychological operations in selected military conflicts after the Second World War in order to consider this issue. The goal of this study is to depict examples of the psychological operations conducted after World War II as part of military operations and examine the increasing importance of these issues to all involved in the battle. The article describes methods and means of psychological activities carried out by both sides in conflicts against both soldiers and civilians. Most attention in the article is devoted to the potential of the United States, which is without doubt a leader in the development of psychological operations. US PSYOP equipment is the most sophisticated and covers a broad spectrum of diverse technological means of influence. It results especially from the permanent engagement of US troops in military activities in various parts of the world after the end of World War II. Psychological operations have been an essential element of warfare since ancient times. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviour favourable to the originator’s objectives. It has been used throughout history to influence foreign groups and leaders. Moreover, psychological operations targeted the enemy’s will to fight. In various conflicts after World War II, we can observe more and more attention being paid to psychological operations. Today we can observe arevolution in PSYOP capabilities. This is related to the development of modern technologies, especially the internet, which gives new opportunities for information transfer.
4
Content available remote Psychological operations after the Second World War
EN
This paper has two purposes. From the personal side, the topic was chosen because I am interested in the history of psychological operations. To benefit the reader, I address psychological operations in selected military conflicts after the Second World War in order to consider this issue. The goal of this study is to depict examples of the psychological operations conducted after World War II as part of military operations and examine the increasing importance of these issues to all involved in the battle. The article describes methods and means of psychological activities carried out by both sides in conflicts against both soldiers and civilians. Most attention in the article is devoted to the potential of the United States, which is without doubt a leader in the development of psychological operations. US PSYOP equipment is the most sophisticated and covers a broad spectrum of diverse technological means of influence. It results especially from the permanent engagement of US troops in military activities in various parts of the world after the end of World War II. Psychological operations have been an essential element of warfare since ancient times. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviour favourable to the originator’s objectives. It has been used throughout history to influence foreign groups and leaders. Moreover, psychological operations targeted the enemy’s will to fight. In various conflicts after World War II, we can observe more and more attention being paid to psychological operations. Today we can observe arevolution in PSYOP capabilities. This is related to the development of modern technologies, especially the internet, which gives new opportunities for information transfer.
EN
The article describes the United States psychological operations (US PSYOP). It presents the US definition of PSYOP, the organization of US PSYOP groups, both active and functioning as the reserve component, as well as the structure of US PSYOP. The US PSYOP equipment encompasses the military state-of-the-art assets and classic tools of psychological influence. Furthermore, the article describes, in detail, the PSYOP proces including preparation, conduct and control of the psychological operations. The process comprises: planning; target audience analysis; development of a series ofpsychological products; psychological product design; approval of (series of) psychological products; production, distribution and dissemination of psychological products and psychological impact assessment.
PL
Przeprowadzenie charakterystyki działań psychologicznych w koncepcji walki informacyjnej oraz studia nad literaturą przedmiotu skłaniają do postawienia na wstępie pięciu następujących pytań: Jakie znaczenie ma informacja we współczesnych działaniach zbrojnych prowadzonych przez NATO i USA? Co się kryje pod pojęciem walki (wojny) informacyjnej i jaka jest jej geneza? Czym szczegółnie charakteryzuje się walka informacyjna, w jakim celu jest prowadzona, jakie stawia się jej zadania i jakie przyjmuje ona formy? Jakie miejsce zajmują działania i operacje psychologiczne w koncepcjach walki informacyjnej według doktryn wojennych USA i NATO? Jak problematykę walki informacyjnej ujmują w swoich koncepcjach wojennych Rosjanie?
7
Content available remote Działania psychologiczne w wojsku
EN
The notions “psychological actions or activities” arise different associations in the Polish Armed Forces. It happens that some associate them immediately with very useful, particularly among conscripts, activity of unit commander aides for psychological prophylactics, the others, however, think of planning psychological-ill-functional actions influencing enemy soldiers and population in a probable armed conflict. Some others stress the problem of an appropriate shaping of their own soldiers’ morale and their moral - psychological preparation for fighting and difficult situations. Linguistic and subject-matter similarity undoubtedly makes it difficult to situate selective ranges or, in other words, organisational - functional areas directed to mental sphere and to attitudes of the own soldiers, and in wartime to enemy soldiers. The article presents the author’s considerations concerning psychologists’ activities in military units, soldiers’ moral and psychological preparations for fighting, psychological activities influencing a potential enemy during a probable conflict, and endeavours of, so- called, psychological defence. By providing a specific character of selective areas and presenting their basic methods, forms, tasks and similarities, the author wants to exclude any misunderstandings in interpretation.
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