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2 Journal of Ecological Engineering

2 2025

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The harnessing of natural zeolite for adsorption of methylene blue active substances from carwash wastewater: A kinetic and isotherm study

Kharabsheh Raha M., Bdour Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 1

186--195

The removal of surfactants from wastewater is critically important, particularly in Jordan, which is the third-most water-scarce country in the world. Jordan is rich in natural zeolite, a highly absorbent material, making it ideal for removing liquid-solid contaminants like surfactants from wastewater. This study investigates the adsorption capacity of zeolite to remove Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) from carwash wastewater (CWW) using batch-sorption experiments. Various parameters, including zeolite dosage, contact time, and temperature, were tested to evaluate their impact on the sorption process. he results demonstrate that natural zeolite achieved a maximum removal efficiency of 93.02%, with optimal performance at pH 6.8. Dosages of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 grams were tested, revealing that increased zeolite dosage, longer contact times, higher temperatures, and lower initial concentrations enhanced removal efficiency. The best removal efficiency for SDBS-MBAS was achieved within a 30-minute mixing time. At a dosage of 1 gram, the adsorption coefficient rose from 6.3% to 23.5% as temperature increased from 25°C to 45°C, indicating an endothermic process. The adsorption was found to be endothermic, spontaneous, and irreversible. Additionally, adsorption isotherm models, including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Pseudo-second-order, were applied to analyze the adsorption behavior. The Langmuir model provided the best fit, while the Freundlich model showed the highest error values. Error analysis confirmed the validity of the Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models for describing the adsorption kinetics.

Adsorption of SDBS-MBAS from aqueous solutions using natural zeolite and activated carbon: A comparative study

Kharabsheh Raha M., Bdour Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2025

Vol. 26, nr 5

102--113

This study evaluates the performance of natural Jordanian zeolite and activated carbon for the removal of methylene blue active substances (MBAS) from carwash water, focusing on sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), the primary component of MBAS. Comparative adsorption experiments with activated carbon were conducted under controlled conditions (pH 6.8, 25 °C) to assess removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherms were constructed using multiple adsorbent dosages (0.1 to 2.0 g) and varying contact times (5 to 120 minutes) to determine maximum adsorption capacities and evaluate adsorption mechanisms. Optimization results revealed that the most efficient removal for zeolite (95.79%) was achieved at a 2.0 g dosage and a 60-minute contact time, whereas activated carbon attained a maximum removal efficiency of 99.21% under optimal conditions (2.0 g dosage, 50-minute contact time). At lower dosages (1.0 g), zeolite achieved 93.68% removal in 60 minutes, while activated carbon required only 30 minutes to reach 98.42%. When considering cost-effectiveness, natural zeolite being locally abundant and significantly less expensive than activated carbon, achieved near-optimal removal at a dosage of 1.0 g, making it a more economically viable option despite slightly lower efficiency. Removal efficiency for both materials increased with higher dosages, elevated temperatures, and lower initial SDBS concentrations. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) values favoring zeolite over activated carbon. Isotherm modeling indicated that adsorption data for natural zeolite fit well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, while activated carbon aligned more closely with the Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order models. Sorption isotherms revealed maximum adsorption capacities derived from the Langmuir model, with natural zeolite capacity increasing from 24% to 31% as the temperature rose from 25 °C to 45 °C and activated carbon showing a corresponding increase from 11% to 22%. These findings highlight the potential of natural volcanic tuff, an abundant and cost-effective form of zeolite in Jordan, as a sustainable alternative to activated carbon for MBAS removal from carwash wastewater.