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Increasing the accuracy of measuring the physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples when implementing a new informative method

Sebko V. V., Zdorenko V. G., Zashchepkina N. M., Barylko S. V.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 118, nr 1

28--41

EN

Purpose The necessity of developing new multi-parameter electromagnetic methods to obtain the information on controlled wastewater samples from fruit juice production has been proved. Based on the universal transformation functions G = f(x) and φ = f(x) obtained in the work, which relates the amplitude and phase components of the multi-parameter MFP signal with the parameters of wastewater samples, a three-parameter method for joint measurement control of the electrical conductivity χ, relative dielectric constant εr and temperature t of wastewater samples from the production of apple juice. An algorithm for joint multi-parameter measurements of the parameters χ, εr and t based on a transformer electromagnetic transducer (MFP) has been developed, the switching scheme provides for heating a wastewater sample during measurement control to simulate production conditions. Since the amplitude and phase components of the MFP multi-parameter signal depend on the temperature t, sample heating also makes it possible to create information redundancy and improve the accuracy of wastewater sample identification. The implementation of the proposed method makes it possible to indirectly determine the composition of wastewater samples, using only one transducer with known physical properties, all this leads to an increase in the accuracy of measuring the parameters of wastewater samples in comparison with reference methods and measuring instruments and ultimately allows choosing a promising method of wastewater treatment in accordance with the analysis of experimental data. The data obtained indicate the acidic composition of wastewater; therefore, it is proposed to neutralise industrial waste at the outlet of the finished product. The methodology of the above studies lies in the fact that, within the framework of a specific scientific approach, it is necessary to expand the functional and technical capabilities of the electromagnetic device by implementing a new multi-parameter electromagnetic method for joint measurements of the physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples. Design/methodology/approach The essence of the proposed three-parameter method of joint measurement control of parameters χt, εr and t is based on the analysis of the interaction of an external homogeneous magnetic field with the magnetic field of eddy currents induced in a conductive electrolytic liquid (in a wastewater sample). Based on the input of special normalised parameters, as well as the obtained universal transformation functions G = f(x) and φ = f(x), which relate the physicochemical parameters χ, εr and t of the electrolytic liquid medium (wastewater samples from apple juice production) with the amplitude and phase components of the multi-parameter signal MFP, at a constant frequency of the magnetic field f, the implementation of a three-parameter electromagnetic method of joint measurement control of the electrical conductivity χ, relative permittivity εr and temperature t have been proposed. At the same time, using the thermal MFP switching circuit, it is necessary to measure two magnetic fluxes: the reference magnetic flux F0 in the absence of a glass tube with liquid in the converter and the magnetic flux F2 (if there is a wastewater sample in the converter) and the phase angle φ between the flows F0 and F2. To this end, three wastewater parameters, χt, εr and t, are determined jointly by the same MFP in the same control zone. Implementing the proposed method makes it possible to indirectly assess the composition of wastewater, select a promising treatment method, and then take preventive measures related to environmental protection. Findings The possibility of applying the MFP operating theory to the realisation of an informative three-parameter electromagnetic method of joint measurements of specific conductivity χ, relative permittivity εr and temperature t parameters of wastewater has been studied. An algorithm for modelling the process of joint multi-parameter measurements of specific conductivity χ, relative permittivity εr and temperature t based on MFP has been developed. The basic relations describing a three-parameter method of joint measurements of specific conductivity χ, relative permittivity εr and temperature t of controlled wastewater samples are presented. The obtained numerical values of the physicochemical parameters of the wastewater sample are in good agreement with the data obtained using the controlling methods. Implementation of the proposed three-parameter method allows to increase in the accuracy of identification of wastewater samples due to the obtained multi-parameter information, as well as to determine indirectly the composition of wastewater samples, using a single transducer with certain physical properties; all this leads to increased accuracy of wastewater sample parameters in comparison with the reference methods and measuring tools, and allows to choose a rational and inexpensive treatment method. Research limitations/implications The method studied has the following limitations: the range of variation of the diameters is 20 mm to 55 mm. The lower limit is set by the frequency of the electromagnetic field, and the upper limit by the diameter of the transducer frame, 57 mm. Measurements are made in homogeneous longitudinal magnetic fields, and the length of the MFP winding must be ten times the diameter to achieve such field homogeneity. The sample length must be greater than or equal to the winding length of the transducer, i.e., lo⩾ ln. The radial misalignment of the product does not affect the measurement results, as the magnetic field of the transducer is homogeneous. The MFP frame limits product misalignment. It is found that sample misalignment in the range of ±4% to 6% has no practical effect on the measurement results of physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples. The change in temperature causes a change in the resistance r of the magnetising winding, so the windings of the converter must be thermally insulated from the environment (wrapped with mitre tape, coated with BF-19 adhesive and then this structure is baked at the temperature t = 300°C in the EKPS-500 muffle furnace). Practical implications The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that as a result of the analysis of the obtained values of the physicochemical parameters of wastewater samples, it is possible to timely prevent the reasons for the deviation of wastewater from the specified indicators of international standards governing the discharge of wastewater into the city sewerage and to take measures to prevent pollution of artificial and natural reservoirs located in the residential areas, as well as to develop effective methods of wastewater treatment of food and processing industries. The obtained relations, which describe the universal transformation functions G = f(x) and φ = f(x), algorithms for measuring and calculating operations for determining the specific electrical conductivity χ, relative permittivity εr and temperature t of wastewater samples based on MFP, make it possible to design, construct and create automated measuring installations based on intelligent devices that have a phenomenological approach to the measuring control of physical and chemical parameters of electrolytic liquid media as the basis of their operating theory. Originality/value The electromagnetic transducer (EMT) theory has been further developed with a sample of a weak electrolytic liquid with an acidic composition (a sample of wastewater from apple juice production).

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Projekt i synteza obwodu magnetycznego różnicowego przetwornika wiroprądowego do badań nieniszczących

Gruszczyński Bogusław, Wojciechowski Rafał M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 9

296--301

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące konstrukcji i optymalnego projektowania przetwornika wiroprądowego do wykrywania wad powierzchniowych obiektów wykonanych z materiałów przewodzących. Zdefiniowano zadanie optymalizacji rozpatrywanego układu. Opracowano trójwymiarowy model polowy przetwornika pozwalający przeprowadzić badania symulacyjne rozważanej konstrukcji. Dokonano optymalizacji obwodu magnetycznego przyjmując za kryterium optymalizacyjne zwiększenie czułości układu i jego zdolności do wykrywania wad powierzchniowych. Korzystając z danych dotyczących symulacyjnie zoptymalizowanej konstrukcji obwodu magnetycznego, zbudowano prototyp przetwornika wiroprądowego. Prototyp poddano testom sprawdzając poprawność działania układu. Badania przeprowadzono korzystając ze specjalnie przygotowanego obiektu testowego.

EN

This paper discusses issues concerning the construction and optimal design of an eddy current transducer for detecting surface defects in objects made of conductive materials. The optimisation task for the system under consideration is defined. A three-dimensional field model of the transducer was developed, allowing simulation studies of the considered design to be carried out. An optimisation of the magnetic circuit was carried out, taking as an optimisation criterion increasing the sensitivity of the system and its ability to detect surface defects. Using data on the simulationoptimised magnetic circuit design, a prototype eddy current transducer was built. The prototype was subjected to tests to verify the system's correct operation. Tests were carried out using a specially prepared test facility.

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Badania diagnostyczne metali i stopów metodą PEC

Wrzuszczak M., Wrzuszczak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

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2018

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Nr 59

215--218

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono wyniki badań metali nieferromagnetycznych z wykorzystaniem zjawiska prądów wirowych techniką PEC (Pulsed Eddy Current). Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach metali i stopów o znanej konduktywności w których wykonano wady wzorcowe w formie nacięć i nawiertów o znanych (zmierzonych) wymiarach geometrycznych. Zarejestrowane napięcia wyjściowe z przetwornika wiroprądowego poddano analizie metodą falkową z wykorzystaniem falek typu Morleta (morl) oraz symlet ósmego rzędu (sym8).

EN

In this paper the results of pulsed eddy current testing (PEC) for nonferrous materials are presented. The research deals with metal and alloy probe (Al) with known value of conductivity with artificial defects in form discontinuities (notches) with known depth and width. The output signals from eddy current transducer for PEC technique picked up with a digital oscilloscope were recorded in separate files and then investigated by the set of analyzing wavelets. The programming environment of Matlab with the Wavelet Toolbox of The MathWorks was employed .The local properties of signals were derived applying Morlet wavelet (morl) and symlet of eighth order (sym8). Based on one-dimensional real signal in time the jointly frequency and time analysis was performed to extract the localization distinguishing details of meaning energy correlated with type and size of fabricated material flaws. Detecting the fundamental properties was performed with the scalogram plots. Some kind of causality was observed depending on localization the sound details the more right on the time axis the deeper or more extensive was the size of material flaw.

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Eigenvalue and eigenmode analysis in eddy current material testing

Wrzuszczak M., Wrzuszczak J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2017

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R. 93, nr 9

139--141

EN

These paper presents the application of eigenvalue and eigenmode analysis in eddy current testing of conducting materials. The investigations deals with a model of eddy current sensor over the testing object. The mathematical model is defined by a Helmholtz equation and it is the fundamental model to eigenmode analysis. It can be classified as a quasi-static problem in electromagnetics. With finite element method (FEM) the eigenvalues of systems are calculated and the distribution of magnetic flux density (mode) for the eigenvalue are presented.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie analizy modalnej i analizy wartości własnych dla modelu przetwornika wiroprądowego umieszczonego nad badanym obiektem wykonanym z metalu lub stopu. Model matematyczny opisany równaniem Helmholtza jest modelem wyjściowym do analizy modalnej rozważanego układu „przetwornik – obiekt badań”. Wartości własne układu jak również rozkład modalny indukcji obliczono za pomocą Metody Elementów Skończonych.

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Finite element modeling of tree coil eddy current transducer

Wrzuszczak M., Wrzuszczak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

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2014

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Nr 38

89--91

EN

The paper deals with analysis of metrological properties of three-coil model of eddy current transducer. With finite element method (FEM) the distribution of electromagnetic fields for eddy current transducer model and various conducting materials such as metal and alloys without and with flaw has been presented. The real and imaginary part or magnitude and phase of induced current in output coils of the transducers models were calculated.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych metodą elementów skończonych dla trójcewkowego przetwornika wiroprądowego stosowanego w defektoskopii wiroprądowej. Przedstawiono rozkład modułu indukcji magnetycznej wokół modelu przetwornika nad przewodzącym materiałem z wadą oraz gęstości prądów wirowych w metalu. Obliczono wartości amplitudy i fazy prądu wyindukowanego w cewkach pomiarowych przetwornika. Wyniki badań uzyskane na prostym modelu można wykorzystać do analizy właściwości metrologicznych przetworników rzeczywistych.

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Computer controlled eddy current system for evaluation of low-conductivity materials

Chady T., Spychalski I.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2007

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R. 83, nr 11

222-224

EN

An eddy current system for testing low-conductivity materials is described in this paper. The system consists of differential transducer and computer controlled measuring unit. Because of weak signals a new design of transducer with higher immunity to external fields and noises was proposed.

PL

W artykule przedstawiony został wiroprądowy system do testowania materiałów słabo-przewodzących. System składa się z różnicowego przetwornika wiroprądowego i komputerowo sterowanego układu pomiarowego. Z powodu niskiego poziomu sygnałów zaproponowano nową konstrukcję przetwornika o zwiększonej odporności na szumy i pola zewnętrzne.

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Modelowanie wiroprądowego przetwormika do pomiaru konduktywności cienkich warstw przewodzących

Stec W.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Elektrotechnika

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2005

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z. 28 [223]

181-190

PL

W artykule przedstawiono sposób modelowania wiroprądowego przetwornika do pomiaru konduktywności cienkich warstw przewodzących. Zaprezentowano wyniki symulacji oddziaływania warstw, o założonych właściwościach fizycznych, na system pomiarowy.

EN

In this article modelling of eddy current sensor for conductivity measurement of thin conductive layers has been presented. The layers which have assumed physical properties have an influence on the measuring system. The results of simulation were discussed.