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Rynek tantalu na początku XXI wieku

Krzak Mariusz, Gałaś Andrzej, Król Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 4

234--243

EN

Tantalum, despite the low consumption level, is one of the strategically important metals for the world economy. In terms of the world production volume, it places oneself on a distant position; however, its price was one of the highest at the beginning of the 21st century. Tantalum is a transition metal with a high melting point and high chemical resistance, which determines the spectrum of its applications. It is used mainly in the capacitors production, sputtering and as an additive for superalloys. The 21stcentury is a period of noticeable changes in the structure of quantitative supplies, consumption centres and price fluctuation. There are numerous but small centres of primary production (artisanal mines) in Africa. Sources of tantalum raw-materials (mineral deposits and its reserves), basic factors determining the economic situation on the market, substitution possibilities and the prices evolution are presented and assessed in the paper. Marginal significance of the economy of tantalum raw materials for Poland is mentioned.

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The Relationship between Primary Production and Respiration in the Photic Zone of the Great Mazurian Lakes (GMLS), in Relation to Trophic Conditions, Plankton Composition and Other Ecological Factors

Siuda W., Kauppinen E. S., Kaliński T., Chróst R. J., Kiersztyn B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 3

303--323

EN

The relation of primary production to respiration and dependence of both processes on various environmental factors were investigated in the surface waters of lakes of The Great Mazurian Lake System (GMLS) during summer seasons 2009-2011. Primary production and extracellular release was determined by 14C method, respiration (dark oxygen consumption) - by Winkler's method. Collected results allow to conclude that: (i) in all studied lakes primary production was primarily cyanobacterial, although in mesotrophic ones participation of eukaryotic phytoplankton in light CO2 fixation was more pronounced; (ii) in mesotrophic part of GMLS primary production was limited alternately by N and P availability and less dependent on N and P regeneration processes, whereas in southern, eutrophic lakes it was primarily fueled by regeneration of biogenic substances from organic compounds and strongly limited by N resources; (iii) although in photic zone of whole GMLS respiration was dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, in its mesotrophic part also participation of other plankton components in respiration processes was significant and, (iv) that in eutrophic lakes planktonic respiration was more dependent on low molecular weight products liberated enzymatically from organic substrates than on organic compounds released by primary producers. The mean production to respiration ratio, which varied from 2.11 to 2.60 in northern, and from 2.05 to 3.67 in southern lakes suggested that during period of investigations photic zones of lakes of both parts of GMLS were net autotrophic systems.

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Dobre praktyki rolnicze GAP w produkcji roślinnej i zwierzęcej

Dzwolak W.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2013

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T. 67, nr 9

32--34

PL

Standardy GlobalGAP są zbiorem dobrych praktyk rolniczych o bardzo szerokim zakresie wymagań, który oprócz produkcji i pozyskiwania surowców żywnościowych obejmuje także elementy związane z ochroną środowiska oraz bezpieczeństwem i higieną pracy. W artykule opisano podstawowe obszary GAP związane z uprawą roślin i hodowlą zwierząt, a także przedstawiono przykładowe opracowania Komisji Kodeksu Żywnościowego (CAC) FAO/WHO odnoszące się do zasad GAP. W artykule przedstawiono strukturę aktualnych standardów GlobalGAP oraz zaprezentowano podstawowe dokumenty obejmujące wymagania ogólne oraz listy kontrolne, punkty kontroli i kryteria zgodności. Artykuł zawiera także opis kategoryzacji wymagań oraz podstawy certyfikacji na zgodność ze standardami GlobalGAP.

EN

GlobalGAP standards form a set of good agriculture practices with a very wide range of requirements including not only production of food raw materials but also some areas of protecting of natural environment as well as occupational and health safety. In article some fundamental GAPs elements relating to crops and livestock were presented and some exemplary codes on GAP developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) FAO/WHO were listed. In the paper, a structure of actual GlobalGAP standards was shown and some basic working documents including checklists, control points and compliance criteria were characterized. In the article, the categorization of requirements and fundamentals of GlobalGAP certification was also described.