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EN
In order to study the effects of various gating systems on the casting of a complex aluminum alloyed multi-way valve body, both software simulation analysis and optimization were carried out. Following, the aluminum alloyed multi-way valve body was cast to check the pouring of the aluminum alloy valve body. The computer simulation results demonstrated that compared to the single side casting mode, the casting method of both sides of the gating system would reduce the filling of the external gas, while the air contact time would be lower. Adversely, due to the pouring on both sides, the melt cannot reach at the same time, leading to the liquid metal speed into the cavity to differ, which affected the liquid metal filling stability. The riser unreasonable setting led to the solidification time extension, resulting in a high amount of casting defects during solidification. Also, both gating systems led the entire casting inconsequential solidification. To overcome the latter problems, a straight gate was set at the middle pouring and the horizontal gate diversion occurred on both sides of pouring, which could provide better casting results for the aluminum alloyed multi-valve body.
EN
Thermal processes in domain of thin metal film subjected to a strong laser pulse are discussed. The heating of domain considered causes the melting and next (after the end of beam impact) the resolidification of metal superficial layer. The laser action (a time dependent bell-type function) is taken into account by the introduction of internal heat source in the energy equation describing the heat transfer in domain of metal film. Taking into account the extremely short duration, extreme temperature gradients and very small geometrical dimensions of the domain considered, the mathematical model of the process is based on the dual phase lag equation supplemented by the suitable boundary-initial conditions. To model the phase transitions the artificial mushy zone is introduced. At the stage of numerical modeling the Control Volume Method is used. The examples of computations are also presented.
EN
Application of simulation analysis has become increasingly inseparable part of the design process of casting technology. The possibility of a virtual observation of the temperature distribution, heat transfer between the liquid metal and the mould, evaluation of the nature of the liquid metal flow are values that are impossible to monitor during real-time production. Through the computer simulations, there is a possibility of a preliminary assessment of the phenomenon without the need for expensive and time consuming trials. On the example of the diesel engine compressor rotor the process of preparation of foundry technology, simulation analysis, the visualization of filling of the mold cavity and solidification of the liquid metal was presented. The casting was performed on the VC3000D INDUTHERM furnace that uses the phenomenon of POV (Pressure over Vacuum).
EN
The work presents the effect of strontium and antimony modification on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 226 silumin casts. The performed research demonstrated that strontium causes high refinement of silicon precipitations in the eutectic present in the microstructure of the examined silumin and it significantly affects the morphology of eutectic silicon from the lamellar to the fibrous one. Sr modification also causes an increase of: the tensile strength „Rm” by 12%; the proof stress „Rp0,2” by 5%; the unit elongation „A” by 36% and the hardness HB by 13%. Antimony did not cause a change in the microstructure of the silumin, yet it caused an increase in Rm and HB by 5%, in Rp0,2 by 7% and in A by 4%.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań reologicznych powłok ochronnych: wodnej i alkoholowej, o trzech lepkościach umownych 10, 20 i 30 sekund. Badania lepkości dynamicznej prowadzono na lepkościomierzu rotacyjnym Rheotest 2. W wyniku przeprowadzonych pomiarów uzyskano krzywe płynięcia i wyznaczono zależność szybkości ścinania do lepkości dynamicznej, co pozwoliło sklasyfikować badane powłoki pod względem reologicznym.
EN
The article presents the results of measurements of rheological testing of protective coatings: water and alcohol, for three contracts viscosities 10, 20 and 30 seconds. Research of dynamic viscosity were performed on a rotary viscometer Rheotest 2. As a result of measurements of the flow curves were tested and determined the dependence of shear rate viscosity, allowing to classify the rheological properties of coatings.
6
Content available Model of Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze crystallization
EN
According to the analysis of the current state of the knowledge shows that there is little information on the process of phase transformations that occur during the cooling Cu-Al-Fe-Ni hypo-eutectoid bronzes with additions of Cr, Mo and/or W, made additions individually or together, for the determination of: the type of crystallizing phases, crystallizing phases, order and place of their nucleation. On the basis of recorded using thermal and derivative analysis of thermal effects phases crystallization or their systems, analysis of the microstructure formed during crystallization - observed on the metallographic specimen casting ATD10-PŁ probe, analysis of the existing phase equilibrium diagrams forming elements tested Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze, with additions of Cr, Mo, W and/or Si developed an original model of crystallization and phase transformation in the solid state, the casting of high quality Cu-Al-Fe-Ni bronze comprising: crystallizing type phase, crystallizing phase sequence, place of nucleation.
EN
Today’s industry aims at such situation, where number of defective products, so called defects shall approach to zero. Therefore, one introduces a various changes in technology of production, introduces improvements which would help in accomplishment of this objective. Another important factor is introduction of different type of testing, which shall help in assessment which factor has significant effect on quantity of rejects, and which one could be neglected. Existence of casting rejects is unavoidable; therefore a new ideas, technologies and innovations are necessary in the entire widely understood foundry branch, in order to minimize such adverse effect. Performance of tests aimed at unequivocal determination of an effect of vibrations during crystallization on mechanical properties and porosity of the EN AC-AlSi17 alloy was the objective of the present work. To do this, there were produced 36 castings from EN AC-AlSi17 alloy. All the castings underwent machining operations. Half of the casting was destined to strength tests, the other half served to determination of an effect of vibrations on porosity of the alloy. The specimens were divided into 12 groups, depending on amplitude of vibrations and tilt angle of metal mould during pouring operation.
EN
The possibility of controlling the solidification and cooling time of castings creates prospects of improving their structure and by the same their properties. Thermal properties of the mould constitute therefore an important factor which is necessary to consider while seeking for the mentioned improvement. The presented work illustrates the method of determining some basic thermal coefficients of moulding material, i.e. the coefficient of temperature equalisation a2, known also as the temperature diffusivity, and the heat accumulation coefficient b2, which characterises the ability of moulding material to draw away the heat from a casting. The method consists in experimental determining the temperature field within the mould during the processes of pouring, solidification and cooling of the casting. The performed measurements allow for convenient and exact calculations of the sought-after coefficients. Examinations were performed for the oil bonded moulding sand of trade name OBB SAND ‘E’. The experiment showed that the obtained value of b2 coefficient differs from the value calculated on the basis of theoretical considerations available in publications. Therefore it can be stated that theoretical calculations of the heat accumulation coefficient are thus far not sufficient and not quite reliable, so that these calculations should be verified experimentally.
EN
The article investigates the problem of assurance of the required capability of robotized process of placing of steel inserts in a casting die. Dependence enabling the determination of the repeatability positioning of the robot, which has been verified in experimental tests is presented. A method to determine the most beneficial location in a workspace of the assembly stand ensuring the highest value of multivariate quality capability index MCp is also proposed. In the final part, the results are discussed and conclusions are formulated.
PL
Jednym z głównych zagrożeń powstających w środowisku pracy w trakcie produkcji odlewów żeliwnych są pyły przemysłowe a w szczególności pyły frakcji respirabilnej (pęcherzykowej). Pył całkowity to zbiór wszystkich cząstek otoczonych powietrzem w określonej objętości. Za frakcję respirabilną pyłu uważa się zbiór cząstek przechodzących przez selektor wstępny (metoda filtracyjno-wagowa) o średniej wartości średnicy aerodynamicznej 3.5 0.3 m z odchyleniem standardowym 1.5 0.1 m. Pyły respirabilne przyczyniają się w znaczącym stopniu do chorób płucnych a w szczególności pylicy płuc. W warunkach procesów odlewniczych cząstki pyłu respirabilnego zawierają także inne szkodliwe substancje między innymi metale i ich związki. Pomiary narażenia zawodowego na pyły na stanowiskach pracy w zakładach odlewniczych żeliwa wskazują, że szczególnie wysokie stężenia pyłów respirabilnych występują na stanowiskach pracy wybijacza odlewów, formierza, wytapiacza i wykańczacza odlewów. [...]
EN
The article presents the results of studies which form a part of broader research programme executed under the project POIG.01.01.02-00-015/09 "Advanced materials and technologies". In a concise manner, the results of studies on the effect of chemical modification of inorganic binders on the technological properties of moulding sands containing these binders were presented. Special attention was paid to the effect of modification of inorganic binders on their thermal destruction behaviour in the range of pouring temperatures of the non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Also the results of comparative studies of the thermal emission of toxic gases and odours from moulding sands with new inorganic and organic binders were discussed.
12
Content available remote New generation of pattern materials for investment casting
EN
Pattern mixtures (so-called soft mixtures) currently used in investment casting are composed of paraffin, stearin, and - to a lesser extent - of ceresin, polyethylene wax and other natural and synthetic waxes. During studies, several types of soft pattern mixtures were developed by modifying the already existing compositions with appropriate additives. Based on the studies of physico-chemical and performance properties, the composition of pattern material was optimised.
EN
Today’s industry aims at such situation, where number of defective products, so called defects shall approach to zero. Therefore, one introduces a various changes in technology of production, introduces improvements which would help in accomplishment of this objective. Another important factor is introduction of different type of testing, which shall help in assessment which factor has significant effect on quantity of rejects, and which one could be neglected. Existence of casting rejects is unavoidable; therefore a new ideas, technologies and innovations are necessary in the entire widely understood foundry branch, in order to minimize such adverse effect. Performance of tests aimed at unequivocal determination of an effect of vibrations during crystallization on mechanical properties and porosity of the EN ACAlSi11 alloy was the objective of the present work. To do this, there were produced 36 castings from EN AC-AlSi11 alloy. All the castings underwent machining operations. Half of the casting was destined to strength tests, the other half served to determination of an effect of vibrations on porosity of the alloy. The specimens were divided into 12 groups, depending on amplitude of vibrations and tilt angle of metal mould during pouring operation.
14
Content available remote Filter effectiveness in the manufacture of high-chromium steel castings
EN
The paper presents the results of studies on the application of ceramic filters in the manufacture of cast hearth plates at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Castings were poured from the heat-resistant G-X40CrNiSi27-4 cast steel in green sand moulds. The development of casting manufacturing technology included the following studies: analysis of the causes of non-metallic inclusions in high-chromium alloys, computer simulation of mould filling with liquid metal using standard gating systems without filters and new systems with the built-in filter, making pilot castings, quantitative determination of the content of non-metallic inclusions, determination of the oxygen and nitrogen content, and evaluation of the extent of occurrence of the raw casting surface defects. As a result of the conducted studies and analyses, the quality of produced castings was improved, mainly through the reduced content of non-metallic inclusions and better raw casting surface quality.
15
Content available remote Data acquisition in modeling using neural networks and decision trees
EN
The paper presents a comparison of selected models from area of artificial neural networks and decision trees in relation with actual conditions of foundry processes. The work contains short descriptions of used algorithms, their destination and method of data preparation, which is a domain of work of Data Mining systems. First part concerns data acquisition realized in selected iron foundry, indicating problems to solve in aspect of casting process modeling. Second part is a comparison of selected algorithms: a decision tree and artificial neural network, that is CART (Classification And Regression Trees) and BP (Backpropagation) in MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) networks algorithms. Aim of the paper is to show an aspect of selecting data for modeling, cleaning it and reducing, for example due to too strong correlation between some of recorded process parameters. Also, it has been shown what results can be obtained using two different approaches: first when modeling using available commercial software, for example Statistica, second when modeling step by step using Excel spreadsheet basing on the same algorithm, like BP-MLP. Discrepancy of results obtained from these two approaches originates from a priori made assumptions. Mentioned earlier Statistica universal software package, when used without awareness of relations of technological parameters, i.e. without user having experience in foundry and without scheduling ranks of particular parameters basing on acquisition, can not give credible basis to predict the quality of the castings. Also, a decisive influence of data acquisition method has been clearly indicated, the acquisition should be conducted according to repetitive measurement and control procedures. This paper is based on about 250 records of actual data, for one assortment for 6 month period, where only 12 data sets were complete (including two that were used for validation of neural network) and useful for creating a model. It is definitely too small portion in case of artificial neural networks, but it shows a scale of danger of unprofessional data acquisition.
EN
Today’s industry aims at such situation, where number of defective products, so called defects shall approach to zero. Therefore, one introduces a various changes in technology of production, introduces improvements which would help in accomplishment of this objective. Another important factor is introduction of different type of testing, which shall help in assessment which factor has significant effect on quantity of rejects, and which one could be neglected. Existence of casting rejects is unavoidable; therefore a new ideas, technologies and innovations are necessary in the entire widely understood foundry branch, in order to minimize such adverse effect. Performance of tests aimed at unequivocal determination of an effect of vibrations during crystallization on mechanical properties and porosity of the AlSi13Cu2 alloy was the objective of the present work. To do this, there were produced 36 castings from AlSi13Cu2 alloy. All the castings underwent machining operations. Half of the casting was destined to strength tests, the other half served to determination of an effect of vibrations on porosity of the alloy. The specimens were divided into 12 groups, depending on amplitude of vibrations and tilt angle of metal mould during pouring operation.
17
Content available remote Temperature drop of liquid iron in thin wall channels during mold filling
EN
This work deals with first period of metal cooling in mold cavity. It has been performed thermal analysis of flooding metal stream in thin wall ductile iron with the shape of Archimedes spirals. It has been presented comparison of real temperature drop with predictions according to the analytical equations based on heat balance and with simulation using Fluent program. Additionally velocity decrease predicted by Fluent program is compared to the experimental data. Moreover change of cooling rate as function of spiral length of liquid metal before eutectic solidification is presented.
18
Content available remote Plaster mould casting process of AlSi11 alloy
EN
The paper presents the results of the crystallization and cooling process of AlSi11 silumin in the plaster mould with TDA method and describes the impact of the preparation of plaster mould and liquid silumin on received microstructure and quality of casting. The effect of the pouring temperature of silumin on porosity and filling of mould cavity was investigated. The nature and rate of change of temperature in casting and the formation of the microstructure was shown by means thermal and derivative curves. Through the use of control samples in range of a thickness of 0.5 - 4 mm confirmed the possibility of obtaining thin-walled silumin castings in pre-heated before plaster moulds. It has been proved that changing the parameters of pre-treatment moulds of gypsum, the pouring temperature and modification of silumin you can control the crystallization process, obtained microstructure and properties Rm, RP02 and HB.
19
Content available remote Permeability of mould made by lost wax casting process
EN
Paper present results of permeability of moulds which have been made by lost casting wax process. Measurement and tests have been made using typical sand cast permeability tester. Measurement technique required preparing of special shape samples. All scope of tests have been realized in WSK 'PZL-Rzeszów' S.A. Results showing permeability of ceramic moulds in function of quantity layers.
20
Content available remote Operation of pneumatic conveying systems in technological processes
EN
The use of energy from the pneumatically conveyed bulk material has become an essential part of technological processes in various branches of production industries. In foundry industry the pneumatic conveying systems, mostly high-pressure conveying, are used in such processes as injection of dry bulk material into liquid fluid, moulding sand reclamation, shortcreting of thermal equipment, burdening and feeding in mixing processes. Also, pneumatic conveying can be used in mining, industries of construction materials, chemical engineering as well as power sector.
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