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Polskie wynalazki z technologii inicjujących materiałów wybuchowych stosowanych w amunicji wojskowej

Miszczak Maciej, Rećko Judyta

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R. 52, z. 165

7--22

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty analiz dziewięciu opisów patentowych [1-9] polskich wynalazków z zakresu technologii wytwarzania azydku ołowiu, trinitrorezorcynianu ołowiu i tetrazenu - inicjujących materiałów wybuchowych powszechnie stosowanych w amunicji wojskowej. Pięć wynalazków [1,2,7-9] zostało zgłoszonych do polskiego Urzędu Patentowego w trybie jawnym w latach 1935-1975, zaś pozostałe cztery [3-6] zgłoszono jako niejawne w latach 1954-1962. O zdjęciu klauzuli tajności z wynalazków zgłoszonych jako niejawne ogłoszono w Wiadomościach Urzędu Patentowego RP w roku 2007.

EN

Thepaper presents results of analyses of nine patent descriptions [1-9] of Polish inventions on manufacture technology of primary explosives as lead azide, lead trinitrore-sorcinate and tetracene, commonly used in military munitions. Five patent descriptions [1,2,7-9] were filed to the Polish Patent Office in years 1935-1975 as unclassified, and the rest patent descriptions [3-6] were applied as classified in years 1954-1962. Announcements about removing secrecy from the classified patent descriptions, were published in the News of the Polish Patent Office in year 2007.

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Analiza termiczna wybranych inicjujących materiałów wybuchowych

Pniewski Wawrzyniec, Mazur Izabela, Borkowski Jacek

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R. 52, z. 166

7--29

PL

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje o wybranych inicjujących materiałach wybuchowych, powszechnie stosowanych w środkach bojowych. Szczególną uwagę skupiono na właściwościach termicznych takich związków jak piorunian rtęci, tetrazen, azydek ołowiu, trójnitrorezorcynian ołowiu (TNRPb). Znajomość właściwości termicznych ww. inicjujących materiałów wybuchowych, pozwala na ich bezpieczne zastosowanie. Właściwości termiczne zostały zbadane z zastosowaniem technik DSC (różnicowa kalorymetria skaningowa) i TGA (analiza termograwimetryczna). Otrzymane wyniki potwierdzają, iż analiza termiczna (DSC i TGA) jest szybką i bezpieczną metodą pozwalającą badać właściwości termiczne inicjujących materiałów wybuchowych, jak i pozostałych materiałów wysokoenergetycznych.

EN

The article presents basic information about selected primary explosives commonly used in warfare agents. Special attention was focused on the thermal properties of such compounds as mercury fulminate, tetrazene, lead azide, lead trinitroresorcinate. Knowledge of the thermal properties of the above-mentioned primary explosives, allows their safe use. Thermal properties have been studied by using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) techniques. The results obtained confirm that thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) is a fast and safe method to study the thermal properties of primary explosives as well as other high-energy materials.

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Inicjujące materiały wybuchowe z grupy związków kompleksowych

Cudziło S., Nita M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2010

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[Z] 64, 3-4

195-223

EN

For more than one hundred years, mercury fulminate (MF), lead azide (LA) and lead styphnate (LS) have been used as primary explosives (Fig. 1). They are very good initiatory explosives but they also suffer from serious drawbacks, such as: (a) extremely high sensitivity to mechanical stimuli, (b) thermal, hydrolytic, and chemical instability or lack of resistance to light, (c) incompatibility with metals commonly used in initiating devices, (d) high toxicity of the compounds themselves and their decomposition products [1, 2]. The ongoing search for new primary explosives is aimed at finding materials safer in production and use which do not contain heavy metals and exhibit better initiating performance than the multicomponent compositions being used now. The replacements of the present primaries should be more resistant to accidental stimuli (electrostatic discharge, impact, friction), but they must reliably inflame or detonate, e.g. upon exposure to flame, electrically heated wire or strike with a firing pin in stab and percussion initiators. However their thermal stability should not be too low in order to avoid unexpected explosions of ammunition exposed to heat flow from a fire. On the other hand some of the materials (detonants) must be capable of fast transition from deflagration to detonation. It is not easy to reconcile so many contradictory demands, but from the recently published papers, it appears that it may be possible [3–5]. It has been confirmed many times that some complex compounds with a general formula Mx(L)y(XO)z where M denotes a transition metal cation, L is a nitrogen rich ligand, and XO is an oxygen containing anion are effective primary explosives [3]. The cation plays structure-creating role (i.e. coordinates other molecules) providing stability of the compound and required level of safety. Usually it is also a catalyst of the first stage of decomposition which assures a rapid deflagration to detonation transition – inherent feature of primary explosives. In order to maximize the heat effect of decomposition, the oxygen balance of the compounds ought to be close to zero. Thanks to this the initiating performance of the new primaries may be higher than that of azides and flumintaes. In this work we present a review of papers devoted to synthesis, chemical composition, molecular structure and explosive properties of primary explosives from the group of coordination compounds. A lot of attention was paid especially to the explosives that have already been used in initiating devices and those with unique properties, e.g. highly sensitive to laser radiation. To systematize the review, the title compounds were divided into groups which distinguishing feature was the kind of ligand.

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Less Sensitive Transition Metal Salts of the 5-Nitrotetrazolate Anion

Klapötke T. M., Sabaté C. M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2010

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Vol. 7, nr 2

161-173

EN

Transition metal (silver and copper) salts of the 5-nitrotetrazolate (NT) anion (1 and 2) have been synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Standard BAM tests revealed extremely high sensitivity values for these compounds. The combination with the ethylenediamine ligand in salts 3 and 4 decreases the sensitivities in comparison to salts 1 and 2 making for much less hazardous handling and rendering the synthesis of NT salts more accessible for up-scaling. Additionally, a copper ammonia adduct of the NT anion (5) was synthesized, which shows the particularity of being able to be initiated by a laser beam, thus, decreasing the risk of accidental initiation, which often accompanies the use of primary explosives.

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5-Aminotetrazoles and Silver-based Primary Explosives

Delalu H., Karaghiosoff K., Klapötke T. M., Miró Sabaté C.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2010

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Vol. 7, nr 3

197-216

EN

Several silver nitrate and perchlorate salts with 5-aminotetrazole-based ligands have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. In addition, several of the new compounds were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The energetic properties of the materials were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis in combination with standard impact and friction BAM tests. The compounds synthesized have good thermal stabilities above 225 C and in some instances the high sensitivities of the materials towards impact and friction make them fall under the category of primary explosives. Some of the compounds might present prospective use in initiation devices for civil and military applications.