Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Real values of local resistance coefficients during water flow through a pipe aerator with filling

Kalenik Marek, Chalecki Marek, Wichowski Piotr, Kiczko Adam, Chmielowski Krzysztof, Świętochowska Martyna, Gwoździej-Mazur Joanna

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

no. 59

174--182

EN

The paper presents the results of studies on local resistance coefficients (ζ). The study used pipe aerators with filling made according to the Polish patent PL235924. The hydraulic investigations were performed in real working conditions of a water treatment plant in a testing rig built in the Scientific and Research Water Station of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW). The investigation encompassed two plastic pipe aerators of an internal diameter 101.6 and 147.6 mm with steel Białecki rings of 12 and 25 mm in diameter. Measurements of pressure difference (Δp) in the investigated aerators were performed at volumetric water flows (Q) selected from the range 2-20 m3∙h-1 with the interval 2 m3∙s-1. The values of ζ were determined according to the PN-EN 1267:2012 standard. The investigation showed that the ζ depends both on an internal diameter of the plastic pipe aerator and the diameter of Białecki steel rings. The values of ζ increase with a decrease of the internal diameter of the pipe aerator and a decrease of the ring diameter.

2

Rzeczywiste wartości współczynnika oporów miejscowych podczas przepływu wody przez zgrzewane kolana z polipropylenu

Kalenik Marek

Ochrona Środowiska

|

2019

|

Vol. 41, nr 1

23--30

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań wartości współczynnika oporów miejscowych (ζ) zgrzewanych kolan z polipropylenu (PP) o kącie nachylenia 90° i średnicy 0,02 m. Do tego celu wybudowano laboratoryjne stanowisko pomiarowe. Zakres badań obejmował trzy rodzaje kolan z PP – prawidłowo zgrzane i prawidłowo dociśnięte (zgrzewane przy właściwej temperaturze i wciskane na rurę z właściwą siłą), zbyt słabo zgrzane i zbyt słabo dociśnięte oraz zbyt mocno zgrzane i za mocno dociśnięte. Wyznaczone wartości współczynnika ζ otrzymane z pomiarów zgodnie z normą PN-EN 1267 porównano z wartościami obliczonymi według normy PN-76/M-34034. Średnia wartość współczynnika oporów miejscowych wyznaczonych z pomiarów w przypadku kolan prawidłowo zgrzanych i prawidłowo dociśniętych wyniosła ζ1p=0,806, kolan zbyt słabo zgrzanych i zbyt słabo dociśniętych – ζ2p=1,341, a kolan zbyt mocno zgrzanych i za mocno dociśniętych – ζ3p=2,941, natomiast z obliczeń wg normy PN-76/M-34034 – tylko ζ4=0,157. Badania wykazały, że metody obliczania wartości współczynnika oporów miejscowych zaproponowane w normie PN-76/M-34034 zaniżają wyniki otrzymane w przypadku zgrzewanych kolan z PP, w porównaniu z wartościami doświadczalnymi wyznaczonymi z pomiarów. Wykorzystując wyniki pomiarów zaproponowano równania, na podstawie których opracowano do celów projektowych, zgodnie z wymaganiami normy PN-92/B-01706, nomogram do wyznaczania wartości współczynnika ζ w zależności od prędkości przepływu wody w kolanach z PP o średnicy DN20. Otrzymane rezultaty wskazują na potrzebę opracowania dokładnych metod obliczeniowych oraz przygotowania nowej normy do wyznaczania wartości współczynnika oporów miejscowych. Ponieważ rzeczywista wartość współczynnika oporów miejscowych zgrzewanych kolan z PP zależy od czasu zgrzewania i siły docisku, dlatego niezbędne jest precyzyjne określenie przez producentów kształtek czasu ich zgrzewania i siły docisku oraz wyposażenie zestawów do zgrzewania kształtek w dynamometry do pomiaru siły docisku podczas łączenia zgrzewanych kształtek.

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations of local resistance coefficients (ζ) in welded polypropylene (PP) elbows of 0.02 m in diameter, angled at 90°. The investigations were performed on the purpose-built laboratory measurement stand. The scope of the research encompassed the elbows which were: properly warmed up and properly pressed (welded at the proper temperature and pressed with proper force onto the pipe); insufficiently warmed up and insufficiently pressed (welded at too low temperature and pressed with too low force onto the pipe); excessively warmed up and excessively pressed (welded at too high temperature and pressed with too high force onto the pipe). The local resistance coefficients ζ determined in measurements according to the PN-EN 1267 standard were compared to those calculated in accordance with the PN-76/M-34034 standard. The average value of the local resistance coefficient ζ, determined in measurements for properly welded and properly pressed elbows, was ζ1p = 0.806, for insufficiently warmed up and insufficiently pressed elbows – ζ2p = 1.341 and for excessively warmed up and excessively pressed elbows − ζ3p = 2.941, whereas only ζ4 = 0.157 was obtained from calculations according to PN-76/M-34034 standard. It was demonstrated that the local resistance coefficient values calculated for the welded PP elbows as per the PN-76/M-34034 standard were underestimated when compared with the ones experimentally measured. Based on these values, the formulas for the project purposes and in accordance with the PN- 92/B-01706 standard were proposed to develop a nomogram for local resistance coefficient ζ determination in function of water flow velocity in DN 20 PP elbows. The results justified a need to develop precise calculation techniques and a new standard for local resistance coefficient determinations. As the real value of local resistance coefficients ζ in welded polypropylene elbows strongly depends on the welding time and pressing force, it is necessary for pipe fittings manufacturers to precisely determine the welding time and pressing forces as well as to equip the welding sets with dynamometers to measure the pressing force during the welding process.

3

Interior Perforation Flow Field Study of Partially Cut 7-Perforated Stick Propellants

Zhao Xiaoliang, Zhang Xiaobing

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

|

2019

|

Vol. 16, no. 4

564--582

EN

Partially cut 7-perforated propellants are used in gun charges because of their good flame spreading, high progressivity and loading density. To investigate the complex flow field in a partially cut multi-perforation stick propellant, a steady three-dimensional model for compressible viscid internal perforation and the vent gas region flow field was established and simulated by ANSYS Fluent. The results illustrate that the cut vent can decrease the internal perforation pressure and end face gas velocity. Moreover, the mass that escaped through the vent to the outside was 85.3% of the whole internal burning propellant gas. When the width of the cut slot was larger than half the diameter, the internal pressure decreased weakly and the progressive intensity decreased slightly as the cut slot was increased. As the same side intervals were increased or the perforation diameters were decreased, the end face gas velocity and the internal and external perforation pressure differences increased, and the propellant combustion area progressive intensity increased. As the web thickness increased, the internal pressure increased, and gas velocity exhibited an upward tendency and reached peak values when 2e1 = 0.84 mm, whilst the progressive intensity increased slightly.

4

Air Pressure Drop Measurement Through Packed Bed of Willow Chips and Chunks

Seres I., Farkas I., Loon W., Gigler J.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2000

|

Vol. 48, nr 3

445-454

EN

During the drying process the flow rate of the drying air through a packed bed is a very important factor. In this paper the relation between the pressure difference and the flow rate is studied. Both theoretical and experimental approaches are discussed.

5

Theoretical analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of electrorheological fluid in a parallel duct flow

Shimada K., Nishida H., Yamaguchi T.

Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2000

|

Vol. 5, no 4

803-820

EN

Theoretical analysis was conducted of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the two-dimensional flow of electrorheological fluid between parallel plates by using the mechanical dynamic model proposed herein. The model includes the Voigt model and a slider. It can present four types of relations between shear stress and shear rate. The theoretical results were compared with the experimental data. The theoretical analysis explains the experimental results qualitatively. The qualitative tendency is the same for the four types of relations between shear rate and shear stress. Based on the theoretical results, velocity distribution of flow in four types of relations is not influenced by shear stress and shear rate. This finding differs from that for rotational flow around a rotating disk. The pressure difference depends on apparent viscosity. The local Reynolds number depends on the local velocity at a low given flow velocity and on the local kinematic viscosity at a high given flow velocity.