In [9] submonoids of a commutative monoid are characterized by means of their relations of domination, subgroups of a commutative monoid are characterized by means of their relations of double domination. The main purpose of this paper is to transfer these results to general monoids. The important means will be certain relations, which we shall study in detail.
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In pure generalized grammars were studied, in particular, the problem of reducing a pure generalized grammar to a pure grammar. These results are transferred to the so called pregrammars in the present paper. The obtained results may be applied not only to pure generalized grammars but also to other structures.
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Prelanguages and pregrammars introduced present a generalization of languages and pure grammars. Relation of domination and double domination may be easily transferred from languages to prelanguages. In the present paper submonoids of a commutative monoid are characterized by means of their relations of domination: subgroups of a commutative group are characterized by means of their relations of double domination. The submonoid generated by a subset of a commutative monoid is constructed using a suitable pregrammar.
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