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1

Instability of spring environmental conditions as a driver of biotic interactions and crustacean structuring in meteorite crater ponds (Morasko, Poland)

Świdnicki K., Basińska A. M., Kuczyńska-Kippen N.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 1

66--78

EN

There are 150 meteorite craters worldwide, however, their aggregations are rarely noted. The nature reserve ‘Meteoryt Morasko’ in Poland with fishless meteorite ponds was analyzed as a unique ecosystem for biological analysis of invertebrate interactions. The aim of the study was to recognize the main environmental drivers of cladoceran and copepod community structure from among biotic (competitors and predators) and abiotic factors (i.e. oxygen and pH level) in the spring season. The abundance of small cladocerans (Alonella excisa and Chydorus sphaericus) was the highest at the end of the spring season, i.e. in June, while large species (Daphnia pulex and Simocephalus exspinosus) were most abundant in May. Both size groups of Cladocera were negatively affected by invertebrate predators (Chaoborus crystallinus and carnivorous copepods), which are known to play an important role in structuring cladoceran communities due to the fishless character of the studied ponds. No negative effect of those predators was found for Copepoda, however, nauplii density was reduced by competitors (Aedes communis larvae and ostracods). The temporary character of the examined ponds, oxygen depletion and low pH of water in the shallowest pond resulted in the abundant occurrence of cladoceran males, whose high densities are usually observed in autumn.

2

The effect of white mustard proximity on broad bean infestation with black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.)

Gospodarek J., Kaczmarczyk M., Biniaś B., Rusin M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 3

156--161

EN

Objective of the study consisted in the evaluation of the effect of white mustard as a companion plant in the cultivation of broad bean, cultivar Bartek, on the level of plant infestation with black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop., and also on the occurrence of its natural enemies. The field experiment comprised the following objects: control - broad bean, Bartek cv. as a homogenous crop, sown at 50 cm x 10 cm spacing; broad bean spaced 60 cm x 10 cm with white mustard as the crop intersown between the rows and broad bean spaced 50 cm x 10 cm, with a 50 cm wide mustard stripe surrounding the plot (in this case the width of broad bean stripes was 3 m). Broad bean cultivation in combination with intercropping white mustard, as well as in the form of surrounding sowing contributed to a significant decrease in black bean aphid abundance on the broad bean plants. The effect was visible mainly during the final period of the pest occurrence. The analysis of the occurrence of natural enemies of A. fabae demonstrated a strong relationship between the number of adult Coccinellidae with the number of aphid and their highest numbers in the homogenous broad bean cultivation. On the other hand, the predator to prey ratio in the case of larval stages of the major aphid predators, i.e. Syrphidae and Coccinellidae was more favorable in the presence of mustard as the companion plant.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena wpływu gorczycy białej, jako rośliny towarzyszącej, w uprawie bobu (Vicia faba L.), odmiany Bartek na stopień opanowania roślin przez mszycę burakową (Aphis fabae Scop.), jak również na występowanie jej wrogów naturalnych. Doświadczenie obejmowało następujące obiekty: kontrola - bób w uprawie jednogatunkowej wysiany w rozstawie 50 cm x 10 cm; bób w rozstawie 60 cm x 10 cm z gorczycą wsianą między rzędami oraz bób w rozstawie 50 x 10 cm obsiany dookoła pasem gorczycy o szerokości 50 cm (szerokość pasów bobu wynosiła w tym przypadku 3 m). Uprawa bobu wspólnie z gorczycą białą w międzyrzędziach, jak i w postaci obsiewu, przyczyniła się do istotnego zmniejszenia liczebności mszycy burakowej na roślinach bobu. Efekt ten widoczny był głównie w końcowym okresie występowania szkodnika. Analiza występowania wrogów naturalnych mszycy burakowej wykazała silny związek liczebności dorosłych Coccinellidae z liczebnością mszyc i ich najliczniejsze występowanie w uprawie jednogatunkowej bobu. Natomiast stosunek liczbowy drapieżcy do ofiary w przypadku stadiów larwalnych głównych afidofagów, tj. Syrphidae i Coccinellidae korzystniej kształtował się w obecności gorczycy jako rośliny towarzyszącej.

3

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in topsoil and soil invertebrates from the Niepolomice Forest

Chrzan A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 3

347--355

EN

The purpose of the research was to determine the respective contents of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn and Cu) in soil and extracted soil fauna in humid mixed coniferous forest (MHCF), fresh mixed coniferous forest (MFCF) and in fresh mixed forest (MFF) of Niepolomice Forest. The contents of heavy metals varied, depending on the forest type and trophic group. The highest values of cadmium, lead, and copper content were recorded in MFCF, while of nickel in MHCF. Analysis of variance and post-hoc Tuckey’s showed significant differences between the concentrations of Zn and other metals in invertebrates in different types of forest habitats. Bioconcentration factor shows that both soil saprophages and predacious invertebrates accumulated the largest amounts of Cd and smaller amounts of Zn, while the accumulation of remaining metals depended on the type of forest habitat. In fresh mixed coniferous forest predators accumulated heavy metals in the following order: Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu, in the case of saprohages it was: Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb.

PL

Celem badań było określenie zawartość metali ciężkich (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn i Cu) w glebie i wyekstrahowanej faunie glebowej w trzech typach siedliskowych lasu w Puszczy Niepołomickiej – w lesie mieszanym wilgotnym, borze mieszanym świeżym i borze mieszanym wilgotnym. Zawartość metali ciężkich uzależniona była od typu lasu i grupy troficznej. Najwieksze wartości kadmu, ołowiu i miedzi odnotowano w glebie w borze mieszanym świeżym BMśw, a niklu w borze mieszanym wilgotnym BMw. Wskaźnik biokoncentracji wskazuje, że zarówno saprofagi i drapieżne bezkręgowce glebowe w największej ilości kumulowały Cd, w mniejszej Zn, natomiast pozostałe metale kumulowane były w zależności od typu siedliskowego lasu. W borze mieszanym świeżym drapieżne kumulowały metale w kolejności Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu, a saprofagi Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb.

4

Bioakumulacja metali ciężkich w faunie glebowej w Puszczy Niepołomickiej

Chrzan A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2014

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Vol. 8, No. 2

481--487

PL

Celem badań było określenie zawartość metali ciężkich (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn i Cu) w glebie i wyekstrahowanej faunie glebowej w dwóch typach siedliskowych lasów w Puszczy Niepołomickiej, odległej o 20 km na wschód od centrum Krakowa. Próbki glebowe pobierano w III klasie wiekowej każdego typu drzewostanu obejmującą drzewa w wieku od 41 do 60 lat. Zbadano również liczebność i strukturę troficzną zespołów pedofauny. Zawartość metali ciężkich uzależniona była od typu lasu i grupy troficznej. Najwyższe wartości kadmu, ołowiu i miedzi odnotowano w glebie w borze mieszanym świeżym (BMśw), a niklu w borze mieszanym wilgotnym (BMw). Wskaźnik biokoncentracji wskazuje, że zarówno saprofagi, jak i drapieżne bezkręgowce glebowe w największej ilości kumulowały Cd, w mniejszej Zn, natomiast pozostałe metale kumulowane były w zależności od typu siedliskowego lasu. W borze mieszanym świeżym drapieżce kumulowały metale w kolejności Cd>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu, a saprofagi Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb.

EN

The purpose of the research was to determine the respective contents of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn and Cu) in soil and extracted soil fauna in two types of forest habitats of Niepolomice Forest distant about 20 km east of the Krakow centre. Soil samples were taken during autumn of 2011-2012 vegetation season in two stands of age category III (41 to 60 years). Also tested was the trophic structure of pedofauna assemblages. The contents of heavy metals varied, depending on the forest type and trophic group. The highest values of cadmium, lead, and copper content were recorded in fresh mixed broadleaved forest MFBF, while of nickel in moisture mixed coniferous forest MHCF. Bioconcentration factor shows that both soil saprophages and predacious invertebrates accumulated the largest amounts of Cd and smaller amounts of Zn, while the accumulation of remaining metals depended on the type of forest habitat. In fresh mixed coniferous forest predators accumulated heavy metals in the following order: Cd>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu, in the case of saprophages it was: Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu>Pb.

5

Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w glebie i faunie glebowej

Chrzan A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2013

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Vol. 7, No. 1

295--302

PL

Badano zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich - kadmu Cd, ołowiu Pb, cynku Zn, miedzi Cu i niklu Ni w glebach łąkowych i leśnych oraz w wyekstrahowanych z próbek glebowych zwierząt. Stanowiska usytuowane były w różnej odległości od drogi i od źródeł emisji przemysłowych. Faunę glebową rozdzielono na grupy troficzne - saprofagi, drapieżne i fitosaprofagi, w których oznaczano metale ciężkie. Gleby na badanych stanowiskach wykazywały odczyn od słabo kwaśnego do słabo zasadowego i wilgotność w granicach 20-32%. Zawartość metali w glebie wynosiła odpowiednio: 0,63 0,94 ppm Cd; 8,8 12,53 ppm Pb; 77,75 148,78 ppm Zn; 12,17 ± 23,91 ppm Ni i 1,58 8,95 mg Cu kg–1 s.m. Wyniki badań wskazują, że stężenia metali ciężkich nie przekraczają norm określonych dla gleb Polski. Kumulacja metali ciężkich w organizmach zwierząt glebowych była znacznie wyższa niż w glebie. W największym stężeniu w organizmach badanej fauny glebowej występował Zn i Pb. Najwyższą zawartość Zn (ponad 19904 ppm) stwierdzono w organizmach drapieżców na stanowiskach leśnych. Natomiast wysokie stężenia ołowiu wykazano u fitosaprofagów w glebach łąkowych (128-421 ppm) i drapieżców na stanowiskach leśnych (200 i 500 ppm). Stwierdzono, że drapieżne zwierzęta glebowe lepiej akumulowały badane metale ciężkie w glebach leśnych niż inne grupy troficzne.

EN

Content was studied of selected heavy metals - cadmium Cd, lead Pb, zinc Zn, copper Cu and nickel Ni in meadow soils and in forest soils and in soil animals samples extracted from soil. Positions were located at different distances from the road and from sources of industrial emissions. Soil fauna were separated into trophic groups of saprophags, predators and phitosaprophags, in which heavy metals were determined. Soils on the test sites showed little reaction from acidic to slightly alkaline and humidity within 20-32%. The range of metals content in soils amounted to properly: 0.630.94 ppm Cd; 8.812.53 ppm Pb; 77.75148.78 ppm Zn; 12.17±23.91 ppm Ni and 1.588.95 mg Cu • kg–1 s.m. The results from the studies show that the heavy metal concentrations did not exceed the standards set out for the soils of Poland. Heavy metals accumulation in soil animal organisms was significantly higher than in the soil. In the examined organisms of soil fauna, the metals in the highest concentration were zinc and lead. The highest content of Zn (> 19904 ppm) was found in the bodies of the predators in forest stands. High concentrations of lead have been demonstrated in phitosaprophags in meadow soils (128-421 ppm) and in predators in forest sites (200-500 ppm). It was found that predators of soil animals are better at bioaccumulations of tested heavy metals in forest soils (BCF > 60) than other trophic groups.

6

Chore i okaleczone zwierzęta jako ofiary pasożytów i drapieżców w jurze Polski - przegląd stanu wiedzy

Radwańska U., Radwański A.

Volumina Jurassica

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2004

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Vol. 2, no. 1

99-112

EN

The parasitism of, and predation upon, the diverse Middle and Late Jurassic invertebrates of Poland, personally recognised by the authors, are reviewed. All cases are discussed either in the biological (anatomical, ethological), or ecological terms, to show the mode of infection, or injury, and the relationship between the engaged taxa. The preys to parasites are exemplified by the prosopid crabs infested by bopyrid isopods, the crinoids infested by myzostomid polychaetes (both disk-shaped, and wormlike), and the echinoids attacked by copepod arthropods involving either swellings of spines, or gall-shaped cysts upon the test outerly. Of traumatic events, discussed is regeneration of injuries in the belemnite hooked guards, and in the ammonite shells of distorted ribbing. The pearl-like structures in belemnite guards (the “belemnite pearls”) are interpreted as caused by a tiny parasite encapsulated during further growth of the belemnite. Heaps of ammonite shell hash are thought to represent the ,“kitchen middens” of a larger predator which has feasted upon the fleshy tidbits alone, the beaten shell having been left. The post mortem damage of shells is remarked (taphonomic feedback and/or aftermath) to be distinguished from that one acted in shells of alive specimens of the Middle and Late Jurassic of Poland.

7

Predation and the dynamics of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus

Oksanen T., Oksanen L., Jędrzejewski W., Jędrzejewska B., Korpimäki E., Norrdahl K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, Suppl.

197-217

EN

Theoretical analyses and data suggest that the interaction between bank voles and their predators generates a locally stable equilibrium, regardless to the composition of the predator guild. The suggested primary proximate source for stability is female territoriality. Predation_per se_appears to be destabilizing. Whether or not predation regulates bank voles appears thus to be a semantic issue, depending on the operational definition of the concept of regulation. Confusion has arisen as different operational definitions have been tacitly used by different authors. The predicted intrinsic stability of bank vole-predator systems is most clearly displayed in the southern part of the boreal zone. Currently, even the dynamics of bank voles of taiga landscapes in Finnish ?apland are close to the predicted multiannual stability. In those boreal areas, where grassy and productive Microtus habitats are relatively abundant, sustained, multiannual cycles appear to be generated by the interaction between small mustelids and Microtus spp. When desities of Microtus decline, fidelity to Microtus habitats becomes suboptimal for predators. Consequently, cyclicity seems to be externally imposed on bank voles, due to changing habitat preferences of predators during the course of the mustelid-Microtus cycle. In the temperate zone, masting (seed crops of deciduous trees) increases the reproductive rate of bank voles and ameliorates female territoriality, initiating a transient increase in the numbers of bank voles and their predators. Beforethe system reaches its new equilibrium, the mast is over. Due to the combined effect of high predator numbers and normal reproductive performance, bank vole numbers then decline to the low level typicalfor post-mast years. Depending on the frequency of masting, the post-past low can be followed by a stable phase or immediately by a new mast-triggered outbreak. Although fundamentally different mechanisms appear to account for multiannual density fluctuations in temperate and boreal bank vole populations, both phenomena can be interpreted as consequences of extremal perturbations upon intrinsically stable predator-prey systems.