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1

Role of Polish Armed Forces and Crisis Management System in Cultural Property Protection – review and analysis

Grzebielucha Jacek

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2022

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Vol. 54, No. 2(204)

256--266

EN

Deterring a crisis or war requires the commitment of large forces and resources that may include armed forces, security services or other non-military defense elements. The entire crisis management system is organized by the public administration. A crisis and the threat of war necessitate the implementation of a wide range of tasks aimed at securing life, health and property. Cultural property is a special category of property protected under the Polish legal system. The Republic of Poland undertook to protect it upon accession to the Hague Convention of 1954 on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Time of an Armed Conflict. This international agreement, along with the Polish experiences of the Second World War, laid the foundations for building an efficiently functioning system for the protection of cultural property during an armed conflict. Recent years have brought an increase in global interest in this area. Asymmetric threats against cultural heritage objects forced the involvement of military entities in developing security mechanisms. The author will provide an overview of national institutions tasked with the protection of cultural property in times of peace, assess the quality of these institutions as well as propose de lege ferenda postulates that could improve their functioning.

PL

Czas kryzysu i wojny wymaga dużego zaangażowania sił i środków. Mają one różnorakie pochodzenie – mogą to być siły zbrojne, służby bezpieczeństwa bądź inne pozamilitarne ogniwa obronne. Cały ten system organizowany jest przez administrację publiczną. Kryzys i zagrożenie wojenne wymuszają realizację całego szeregu zadań, których efektem ma być zabezpieczenia życia, zdrowia i mienia. Szczególną kategorią mienia chronionego na podstawie polskiego porządku prawnego są dobra kultury. Do ich chronienia Rzeczpospolita Polska zobowiązała się wraz z przystąpieniem do konwencji haskiej z 1954 r. o ochronie dóbr kultury w czasie konfliktu zbrojnego. Ta umowa międzynarodowa, wraz z polskimi doświadczeniami z II wojny światowej, dała podwaliny pod zbudowanie sprawnie funkcjonującego systemu ochrony dóbr kulturalnych na czas konfliktu zbrojnego. Ostatnie lata przyniosły wzrost globalnego zainteresowania tym obszarem zadań. Zagrożenia asymetryczne wymierzone przeciwko obiektom dziedzictwa kulturowego wymusiły zaangażowanie podmiotów militarnych do kreowania mechanizmów bezpieczeństwa. Autor przedstawi charakter krajowych instytucji realizujących zadania z zakresu ochrony dóbr kultury, które określone są z konwencji haskiej z 1954 roku.

2

Ochrona zabytków nieruchomych i ich nazw

Pawlus Filip

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

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2019

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Vol. 2

51--59

PL

W artykule przedstawiono potrzebę przyjęcia w Polsce efektywnej i sprawnej regulacji prawnej dotyczącej ochrony nazw, które nie powinny być zmieniane ze względu na swoje znaczenie kulturowe bądź historyczne. Zaprezentowano również metodę prawnej ochrony zabytków nieruchomych w Polsce, w tym obowiązki właściciela, formy ochrony, kontrolę i nadzór nad właścicielem, problematykę finansowania oraz organy ochrony zabytków.

EN

This paper discusses the need for adopting effective and efficient legal regulation in Poland regarding the protection of names which should not be changed due to their cultural or historical significance. Also discussed are the methods of legal protection of immovable monuments in Poland, including the responsibilities of the owner, forms of protection, supervision and control over the owner, the issue of financing and authorities of monuments protection.

3

Pomniki historii - spojrzenie krytyczne

Dąbrowski Jacek

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

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2019

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Nr 7

41--50

EN

The monument of history as a concept appeared in the Act of 15 February 1962 on the Protection of Cultural Property and Museums. In the current legal act: The Act of 23 July 2003 on the protection and care of historical monuments, the monument of history is a form of protection of historical monuments. Since 1962, no rules have been introduced to cover the criteria for selecting monuments and the methods of preparing and processing applications for recognition as historical monuments. As a result, the recognition of real estate monuments as monuments of history is burdened with a high degree of discretion. The list of 105 historical monuments is not representative either quantitatively or qualitatively in relation to the entire collection of monuments entered in the register of monuments. It is necessary to introduce regulations governing this state, as well as clear rules for financing the conservation of monuments recognized as historical monuments.

PL

Pomnik historii jako pojęcie pojawiło się w ustawie z dnia 15 lutego 1962 r. o ochronie dóbr kultury i o muzeach. W obecnym akcie prawnym: ustawie z dnia 23 lipca 2003 r. o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami pomnik historii jest formą ochrony zabytków. Od 1962 r. nie wprowadzono żadnych zasad obejmujących kryteria wyboru zabytków oraz sposoby przygotowywania i procedowania wniosków o uznanie za pomnik historii. Powoduje to, że uznawanie zabytków nieruchomych za pomniki historii jest obarczone dużą uznaniowością. Lista obejmująca 105 pomników historii nie jest reprezentatywna ani ilościowo, ani jakościowo w stosunku do całego zasobu zabytków wpisanych do rejestru zabytków. Konieczne jest wprowadzenie przepisów regulujących ten stan, a także jasne zasady finansowania prac konserwatorskich zabytków uznanych za pomniki historii.

4

Propozycje założeń do systemu służb konserwatorskich – stanowisko wojewódzkich konserwatorów zabytków

Bielinis-Kopeć Barbara

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

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2016

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Nr 1

7--13

EN

Regional Historic Preservation Officers are of the opinion that monument protection system in Poland needs to be modified. According to them, however, these changes need to be preceded by in-depth analysis of the existing situation, e.g. the condition in which historic monuments and sites are preserved in Poland, the sources of financing works carried out to monuments and sites, the role that historic preservation offices play in administration combined with regional governors, and the current financial and HR situation in specific government bodies. Changes made to the monument protection system should result in improving the conservational state of historic monuments and sites as well as improving functioning of historic preservation service in competence-, organisation-, and finance-related aspects. Furthermore, as a consequence, local government bodies and the society should become more aware of their responsibilities pertaining to historic monuments and sites. The role of local government historic preservation service should be also taken into consideration. According to Regional Historic Preservation Officers, the changes should be aimed at the following: strengthening the office of General Historic Preservation Officer who will shape historic preservation policy in Poland and coordinate actions taken by state and local historic preservation service; subordinating Regional Historic Preservation Officers directly to the General Historic Preservation Officer (within structures of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage); improve the organisational and financial situation in Regional Historic Preservation Offices and adapt it to their needs; developing a model of local government historic preservation service in terms of their competences, organisational structure, and subordinance (control- and meritrelated) to Regional Historic Preservation Officers. It is necessary to make legislative changes to the monument protection law not only by issuing clear, uniform, and adoptable regulations but also by correlating regulations pertaining to protection of historic monuments and sites with other existing acts of law. It is also essential to perform comprehensive analysis of the list of Polish monuments and sites (register and record of historic monuments and sites) as well as develop and implement a financial support system for taking care of historic monuments and sites and include properties owned by the state treasury into this system. It must be also emphasised that there is a strong need for increasing social importance of guardianship of monuments and sites and making the society aware of limitations and benefits pertaining to monument protection.

5

Jaki system ochrony zabytków? Pytania bez odpowiedzi…

Gawlicki Marcin

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

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2016

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Nr 1

61--70

EN

The Act of 23 July 2003 on the Protection and Guardianship of Monuments has never been flawless and the historic preservation milieu has been aware of the consequently deteriorating monument protection system. This article explores the following problems existing in the area of cultural heritage: description and evaluation of cultural heritage, document production rules, sources of financing works carried out to heritage, effectiveness of legal processes, professional development of members of staff, organisational structure of historic preservation offices, and cooperation opportunities on different levels of state and local government administration bodies dealing with protection of monuments and sites. While reading questions provided in this article, one may be willing to ponder on directions of expected changes and ways of introducing them in Poland.