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Research of factors influencing the quality of imprints lamination

Havenko Svitlana, Dovhanych Anna

Przegląd Papierniczy

2021

R. 77, nr 11

614--617

Factors influencing the quality of offset imprints lamination are described. The influence of the morphological structure of the imprints surface on the quality of lamination with polypropylene films has been established. It is proved that the roughness of the imprint surface significantly affects the strength of lamination: the smoother the surface, the weaker is the bonding with the imprint. To objectively assess the adhesive interaction of the adhesive with the paper and the polymer film during lamination, the hardening factor of the “imprint-film” system was introduced. It is confirmed that with increasing lamination temperature the amount of twists of laminates increases, and with increasing speed of lamination the twist of laminates decreases. As a result of optimization, the three-dimensional model which confirms interrelation of mode (temperature and speed) and technological (weight, imprint’s surface structure) factors influencing quality of lamination is constructed.

Omówiono czynniki wpływające na jakość laminowania nadruku offsetowego. Stwierdzono wpływ budowy morfologicznej powierzchni nadruków na jakość laminowania foliami polipropylenowymi. Udowodniono, że chropowatość powierzchni nadruku znacząco wpływa na wytrzymałość laminowania: im gładsza powierzchnia odbitku, tym słabsze wiązanie powstałe podczas laminowania. Wprowadzono współczynnik wzmocnienia systemu „nadruk-folia” do obiektywnej oceny przyczepności nadruku do folii polimerowej podczas laminowania. Potwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem temperatury laminowania zwiększa się skręcenie laminatów, a wraz ze wzrostem prędkości – maleje. W wyniku optymalizacji powstaje trójwymiarowy model, który potwierdza wpływ czynników technologicznych (temperatury i prędkości laminowania, masy, struktury powierzchni odbitek) na jakość laminowania.

Investigation of glycerol doping on ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities of gasoline and diesel fuel

Jach A., Cieślak I., Teodorczyk A.

Combustion Engines

2017

R. 56, nr 2

167--175

Glycerol is a major by-product of biodiesel production. Per one tone of produced biodiesel, one hundred kilograms of glycerol is produced. Production of glycerol is increasing due to increase of demand for biodiesel. One of methods of glycerol utilization is combustion. Recent experimental studies with use of a diesel engine and a constant volume combustion chamber show that utilization of glycerol as a fuel results in lower NOx emissions in exhaust gases. It combusts slower than light fuel oil, what is explained by higher viscosity and density of glycerol. Glycerol has low cetane number, so to make combustion in a diesel engine possible at least one of the following conditions need to be fulfilled: a pilot injection, high temperature or high compression ratio. The aim of the paper is to compare glycerol to diesel and to assess influence of glycerol doping on gasoline and diesel fuel in dependence of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The subject of this study is analysis of basic properties of flammable mixtures, such as ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities of primary reference fuels (diesel: n-heptane and gasoline: iso-octane). Calculations are performed with use of Cantera tool in Matlab and Python environments. Analyses of influence of glycerol on ignition delay times of n-heptane/air and iso-octane/air mixtures covered wide range of conditions: temperatures from 600 to 1600 K, pressure 10-200 bar, equivalence ratio 0.3 to 14, molar fraction of glycerol in fuel 0-1 in air. Simulations of LBV in air cover temperatures: 300 K and 500 K, pressures: 10, 40, 100, 200 bar and equivalence ratio from 0.3 to 1.9. Physicochemical properties of gasoline, diesel and glycerol are compared.