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Baseline groundwater monitoring for shale gas extraction: definition of baseline conditions and recommendations from a real site (Wysin, Northern Poland)

Montcoudiol N., Banks D., Isherwood C., Gunning A., Burnside N.

Acta Geophysica

2019

Vol. 67, no. 1

365--384

Public concerns have been raised regarding the use of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas extraction and its potential impact on the environment. The absence of baseline monitoring data in the US experience has been identified as a major issue. Here, results from a 6-month groundwater baseline monitoring study near an active shale gas pad in northern Poland are presented. The data collected in dedicated boreholes include groundwater samples analysed for inorganic constituents, dissolved gases and stables isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) and downhole temperature and conductivity measurements at 15-min intervals. A robust statistical analysis combined with an estimation of data uncertainty helps to identify spatial and temporal variability within the datasets. As a result, baseline conditions are defined using confidence intervals around the mean on a per-well basis and these will serve for future reference for this site. The groundwater chemical composition is similar to regional background levels and typical of Quaternary aquifers in the region. It is also consistent with previous baseline monitoring carried out by the Polish Geological Institute. Only manganese and bromide occur in groundwater at concentrations above Polish drinking water standards. Based on this work, the paper provides some recommendations for future baseline monitoring and identifies areas for future research such as use of statistics for high-frequency datasets.

Heavy metals baseline concentrations in soft tissues of Patella Sp. from the Stratoni coastal environment, Ne Greece

Kelepertzis E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

2013

Vol. 20, nr 1

141-149

Species of the limpet Patella sp. were collected from a typical control coastal site (Artemida) and a metal contaminated marine environment (Stratoni), situated in Greece. The soft tissues were analyzed for their heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr) content by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. High Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations were determined in limpet samples from Stratoni, which can be attributed to geological-mineralogical factors due to the natural heavy metal elevated substrate of the broader mineralized area. In contrast, concentrations of Mn, Ni and Cr in both areas are comparable to those reported for other non-polluted geographical regions of the Mediterranean area. Considering the refurbishment of the Stratoni port that will accompany the new large scale mining operations, these results provide a preliminary baseline metal level in these organisms, by which future local changes could be assessed. It is suggested that the species of Pattella sp. are appropriate to be used for biomonitoring research and should be included in routine monitoring programs regarding the Stratoni marine ecosystem. Further studies of metal levels in limpets of Patella sp. from the Stratoni area including the investigation of the possible effects of seasonal changes on metal concentrations and distribution are required.

W celu oceny zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi przybrzeżnych wód morskich Grecji mięczaki z gatunku skałoczepów Patella sp. zostały zebrane na zanieczyszczonym obszarze (Stratoni) oraz w pobliżu typowego miejsca kontrolnego (Artemida). Metodą płomieniowej atomowej spektroskopii absorpcyjnej zbadano stężenia metali ciężkich (Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni i Cr) w tkankach miękkich. Wysokie stężenia Pb, Zn i Cu oznaczono w próbkach skałoczepów ze Stratoni, co może wynikać ze składu geologiczno-mineralogicznego podłoża. W przeciwieństwie do tego, stężenie Mn, Ni i Cr w próbkach zebranych na obu obszarach są porównywalne ze stężeniami opisanymi dla niezanieczyszczonych regionów śródziemnomorskich. Zważywszy na remont portu Stratoni, któremu będą towarzyszyły prace górnicze, wyniki te stanowią wstępną ocenę poziomu zanieczyszczenia metalami tych organizmów, co umożliwia ocenę przyszłych, lokalnych zmian. Przypuszczalnie, gatunki Pattella sp. są odpowiednie do wykorzystania w badaniach biomonitoringowych i powinny zostać uwzględnione w badaniach biomonitoringowych morskiego ekosystemu Stratoni. Wymagane jest prowadzenie dalszych badań zawartości metali w skałoczepach Pattella sp. z obszaru Stratoni oraz ocena sezonowych zmian stężeń i ich rozkładów.