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1

Complex coatings obtained by a two source beam evaporation system

Smolik J., Mazurkiewicz A., Brudnias R., Piasek A.

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2018

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no. 2

61--72

EN

The article presents the results of work on the verification of the technological capabilities of the EB-Dual BEAM device in the field of complex coatings, including gradient coating Ti↑-Zr↓, multi-pattern coating Ti-Zr, and multi-layer coating Ti/Ti-Zr/Zr. The obtained coatings were subjected to an analysis of changes in the chemical composition by the EDS method as a function of distance from the surface and observations of brittle fracture using scanning microscopy in order to analysis their internal structure. It has been shown that the use of two independent electron guns provides the ability to differentiate the chemical composition of two-component coatings independently from the character of these changes, i.e. linear changes, and step changes.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac dotyczące weryfikacji możliwości technologicznych urządzenia EB-Dual BEAM w zakresie wytwarzania powłok złożonych, w tym: gradientowych Ti↑-Zr↓, wieloskładnikowych Ti-Zr oraz wielowarstwowych Ti/Ti-Zr/Zr. Wytworzone powłoki poddano analizie zmian składu chemicznego metodą EDS w funkcji odległości od powierzchni oraz obserwacjom przełomów z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii skaningowej, w celu oceny ich budowy wewnętrznej. Wykazano, że wykorzystanie dwóch niezależnych dział elektronowych zapewnia możliwość różnicowania składu chemicznego powłok dwuskładnikowych niezależnie od charakteru tych zmian, tj. zmiany liniowe, zmiany skokowe.

2

Modelowanie stanu odkształceń w gradientowych powłokach CrN/CrCN

Szparaga Ł., Bartosik P., Gilewicz A., Kwaśny W., Ratajski J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2015

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Vol. 36, nr 6

488--492

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie różnic w stanach odkształceń własnych powstałych na skutek zadanych obciążeń mechanicznych w powłokach CrN/CrCN z gradientową warstwą przejściową pomiędzy CrN i CrCN. Powłoki zostały osadzone techniką PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition), metodą katodowego odparowania łukowego na podłożu ze stali 42CrMo4. Całkowita grubość osadzonych powłok wynosiła 8 μm, a gradientowa warstwa przejściowa pomiędzy CrN a CrCN miała grubość 2 μm. W modelu matematycznym warstwa gradientowa była reprezentowana przez tzw. funkcje przejścia opisujące przestrzenną zmianę parametrów materiałowych warstwy, takich jak: moduł Younga, współczynnik Poissona, współczynnik rozszerzalności cieplnej, granica sprężystości i moduł wzmocnienia. Rozważono dwa typy warstw gradientowych o różnych profilach zawartości węgla opisywanych przez funkcje potęgowe. Wykorzystując znajomość naprężeń własnych w powłokach po procesie osadzania (pomiar metodą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej), wykazano na drodze symulacji numerycznych za pomocą MES różnice w stanach efektywnych odkształceń plastycznych powstałych na skutek obciążeń zewnętrznych. Pokazano na przykładzie, iż warstwy gradientowe reprezentowane przez potęgowe funkcje przejścia o wykładniku p > 1 cechują się mniejszymi strefami dużych odkształceń plastycznych na granicy działania obciążeń zewnętrznych w porównaniu z warstwami gradientowymi o p < 1. Wynika z tego, iż powłoki z warstwami gradientowymi mające p > 1 cechuje większa odporność na kruche pękanie.

EN

The aim of the study was to analyse differences in the states of internal deformation, caused by mechanical loads, in the coatings CrN/CrCN with a gradient transition layer between CrN and CrCN. The coatings were deposited using PVD technique (Physical Vapour Deposition) by cathodic arc evaporation on a substrate made from 42CrMo4 steel. The total thickness of the deposited coatings was 8 μm, and the gradient transition layer between CrN and CrCN had a thickness of 2 μm. In mathematical model, gradient layer was represented by the so called transition functions, describing the spatial change of the layer’s material parameters, such as Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, yield strength and tangent modulus. In particular, were considered two types of gradient layers with different profiles of carbon concentration described by a power function. Using knowledge of the residual stress in the coating after the deposition process (measured by X-ray diffraction), has been shown by numerical simulation based on FEM, the differences in the states of effective plastic strain, caused by external loads. In particular, was shown on the example that the gradient layer represented by a power transition functions of the exponent p > 1 are characterized by smaller zones of high plastic strain on the boundary of applied external loads in comparison to the gradient layers with p < 1. This fact indicates, that the coatings with gradient layers with p > 1 are characterized by an larger fracture toughness.

3

Dylatometryczna metoda badania właściwości termomechanicznych powłok gradientowych CrN/CrCN

Myśliński P., Szparaga Ł., Gilewicz A., Kamasa P., Ratajski J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2015

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Vol. 36, nr 2

96--100

PL

W pracy opisano zagadnienia dotyczące wykorzystania metod dylatometrycznych do celów badania właściwości termomechanicznych gradientowych powłok PVD. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na trzech rodzajach powłok CrCN/CrN różniących się charakterem zmian parametrów fizykochemicznych w gradientowej warstwie przejściowej, osadzonych na podłożu molibdenowym metodą katodowego odparowania łukowego. Zakres badań eksperymentalnych obejmował analizę zmian przesunięć fazowych między „wymuszeniem” cieplnym a „odpowiedzią” dylatometryczną systemu podłoże–powłoka PVD. Otrzymane wyniki eksperymentalne wskazują, że zaproponowana metoda badania zmian właściwości termomechanicznych systemów podłoże/gradientowa powłoka PVD umożliwia klasyfikację tych systemów ze względu na stabilność termiczną. Ponadto analiza zmiany przesunięcia fazowego Φ pomiędzy wydłużeniem podłoża systemu a jego temperaturą umożliwia badanie bezwładności termomechanicznej systemów.

EN

The paper describes the issues relating to the use of dilatometric methods for the study of thermomechanical properties of PVD gradient coatings. Tests were conducted on three types of coatings CrCN/CrN, differing in character of the change of physicochemical parameters in the gradient transition layer, deposited on molybdenum substrate by the method of cathodic arc evaporation. The scope of experimental studies included analysis of the changes of phase shifts between the thermal “extortion” and the dilatometric “response” of the substrate–PVD coating system. The experimental results indicate that the proposed investigation method of the change of thermomechanical properties of the system substrate/PVD gradient coatings allows the categorization of these systems from the point of view of thermal stability. In addition, analysis of the change of the phase shift Φ between the elongation of the substrate and the temperature enables the study of thermomechanical inertia of the systems.

4

Structure And Properties Of PVD Coatings Deposited On Cermets

Żukowska L., Mikuła J., Staszuk M., Musztyfaga-Staszuk M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 2A

727--733

EN

The main aim of the research is the investigation of the structure and properties of single-layer and gradient coatings of the type (Ti,Al)N and Ti(C,N) deposited by physical vapour deposition technology (PVD) on the cermets substrate. The structural investigations include the metallographic analysis on the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, and using the X-ray diffractometer. The investigations include also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the materials: substrate hardness tests and microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings as well as cutting properties. The results of the investigations carried out confirm the advantages of PVD coatings deposited onto cermets substrate especially in case of (Ti,Al)N. Coatings deposited onto the investigated substrates are characterised by good adhesion, high microhardness, taking effect in very high increasing of wear resistance. Deposition of hard, thin, gradient coatings on materials surface by PVD method features one of the most intensely developed directions of improvement of the working properties of materials. Equally important is the development of tool materials with respect to the fabrication of thin coatings resistant to wear in PVD process. It is of considerable importance, since through the selection of appropriate components, we can obtain a tool material of better properties. This area of tool material development is a priority nowadays, since it is the main route leading to the acquisition of machining tools of suitable properties. The results of the investigation provide useful information on microstructure, adhesion characterized in a scratch test, wear resistant properties of the gradient and single-layer coatings deposited onto cermet.

PL

Celem artykułu było zbadanie struktury i właściwości jednowarstwowych i gradientowych powłok typu (Ti,Al)N oraz Ti(C,N) naniesionych metodą fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej (PVD) na podłożu z cermetali narzędziowych. Badania strukturalne obejmują transmisyjną i skaningową mikroskopię elektronową. Analizę składu chemicznego i fazowego badanych powłok wykonano metodą spektroskopii energii rozproszonego promieniowania rentgenowskiego (EDS) oraz metodą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej za pomocą dyfraktometru rentgenowskiego. Badania obejmują również analizę właściwości mechanicznych i funkcjonalnych badanych materiałów: badanie twardości podłoża z cermetalu i testy mikrotwardości naniesionych powłok, badania chropowatości powierzchni, ocena przyczepności naniesionych powłok, jak również właściwości skrawne. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają zalety powłok PVD osadzanych na podłożu z cermetalu, zwłaszcza w przypadku powłok typu (Ti,Al)N. Powłoki osadzone na badanych podłożach charakteryzują się dobrą przyczepnością, wykazują wysoką mikrotwardość, co wpływa na wzrost odporności ściernej. Istoty jest rozwój materiałów narzędziowych w zakresie wytwarzania cienkich powłok odpornych na zużycie w procesie PVD. Ma to duże znaczenie, ponieważ wykorzystując cechy odpowiednio dobranych składników można uzyskać materiał narzędziowy o lepszych własnościach. Ta dziedzina rozwoju materiałów narzędziowych stanowi w obecnych czasach priorytet, ponieważ jest główną drogą, wiodącą do uzyskania narzędzi skrawających o odpowiednich własnościach. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań dostarczają przydatnych informacji na temat mikrostruktury oraz adhezji, odpornych na zużycie gradientowych i jednowarstwowych powłok naniesionych na podłoże z cermetalu.

5

Polioptymalizacja przeciwzużyciowych powłok gradientowych TiAlN/TiN

Szparaga Ł., Ratajski J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2013

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Vol. 34, nr 5

547--550

PL

W pracy opisano procedurę polioptymalizacyjną wspomagającą dobór geometrii i własności materiałowych powłoki gradientowej TiAlN/TiN. W modelu matematycznym powłoka gradientowa jest reprezentowana przez tzw. funkcje przejścia, opisujące zmianę parametrów materiałowych warstwy przejściowej, takich jak moduł Younga, współczynnik Poissona, współczynnik rozszerzalności cieplnej oraz gęstość. Polioptymalizacja była prowadzona przy uprzednio zdeﬁniowanych ustalonych ciągłych obciążeniach zewnętrznych (tzw. obciążenia herzowskie), a przyjęte kryteria decyzyjne były funkcjami stanów naprężeń i odkształceń w powłoce i podłożu. Wykorzystując opracowaną procedurę polioptymalizacyjną, zostały określone optymalne wartości parametrów krzywizny funkcji przejścia pomiędzy warstwami TiAlN i TiN w powłoce gradientowej oraz zaproponowane zostały dwie metody analizy zbioru rozwiązań.

EN

In the paper polioptimization procedure of geometry and properties of TiA1N/ TiN gradient coatings was created. In the mathematical model gradient coatings were represented by transition functions. These functions are describing the change of layers materials' parameters, ie. Young's modulus, Poisson coefﬁcient, thermal expansion coefﬁcient and density. In the physical model used in polioptimization extemal loads were constant (herzian contact) and decisional criteria used in procedure were functions of the stresses and strains in the coating and substrate. Using created procedure optimal values of transition functions parameters were calculated. In addition two methods of analysis of solutions set were also described.

6

Dylatometryczna metoda detekcji efektów termomechanicznych w powłokach gradientowych CrCN/CrN

Myśliński P., Szparaga Ł., Gilewicz A., Olik R., Ratajski J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2013

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Vol. 34, nr 6

773--776

PL

W pracy rozwinięte zostały zagadnienia dotyczące wykorzystania metod termodylatometrycznych do celów projektowania i diagnostyki wielowarstwowych gradientowych powłok przeciwzużyciowych. Obiektem prowadzonych badań były powłoki gradientowe CrCN/CrN osadzone na podłożu ze stali szybkotnącej SW7M techniką PVD – metodą katodowego odparowania łukowego. Zakres badań obejmował analizę wpływu pobudzeń termicznych w systemach podłoże/powłoka gradientowa, prowadzonych na podstawie utworzonych termogramów diagnostycznych. W szczególności określony został związek pomiędzy zmianami wartości wprowadzonego ekwiwalentnego współczynnika rozszerzalności cieplnej po zadanych cyklach pobudzeń termicznych dla badanego systemu podłoże/powłoka gradientowa a poszczególnymi etapami wyżarzania. Ponadto określono wartości przemieszczeń liniowych podłoża wraz z osadzoną powłoką, będących wynikiem zadanych cyklów pobudzeń termicznych. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na silny związek pomiędzy typem warstwy przejściowej a stanami naprężeń wewnętrznych w badanych systemach oraz stanowią informację o stanie przylegania powłoki do podłoża. Opracowana technika badań stanowi efektywną metodę diagnostyczną umożliwiającą ocenę stabilności termicznej w systemach podłoże/powłoka.

EN

The theme of paper are the issues concerning the use of thermodilatometric methods for the design and diagnostics of gradient multilayer antiwear coatings. The object of research were gradient coatings CrCN/CrN deposited by PVD technique on a high-speed steel HSS using cathodic arc evaporation method. Range of investigation included analysis of the influence of thermal loads on substrate/gradient coating systems, carried out under the created diagnostic thermograms. In particular, the dependence of changes of system’s relative equivalent thermal expansion coefficient as a function of annealing stages using created thermogram (graph of temperature changes) was determinated. In addition, the relationship between changes in the value of system’s substrate elongation as a function of annealing stages was also obtained. Research has indicated a strong correlation between the type of the transition layer, and the states of internal stress in the studied systems, and provide information about the state of adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The developed method is an effective diagnostic method that allows assessment of the thermal stability of the substrate/coating system.

7

TEM microstructure investigations of aluminium alloys used as coating substrate

Tański T., Labisz K., Dobrzański L.A., Wiśniowski M., Matysiak W.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 59, nr 2

82--92

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was investigated structure and properties of gradient coatings produced in PVD process on AlSi9Cu aluminium alloys. Design/methodology/approach: The following results concern the structures of the substrates and coatings with the application of electron transmission and scanning microscopy; phase composition of the coatings using X-ray diffraction and grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique (GIXRD); microhardness and wear resistance. Findings: The deposited coatings are characterized by a single, double, or multi-layer structure according to the applied layers system, and the individual layers are coated even and tightly adhere to the substrate as well to each other. The analysis of coatings obtained on the surface of cast aluminium alloys by the PVD processes show a clear - over 100% - increase of the microhardness, compared to the base material microhardness. Practical implications: Achieving of new operational and functional characteristics and properties of commonly used materials, including the Al-Si-Cu alloys is often obtained by heat treatment, ie, precipitation hardening and/or surface treatment due to application or manufacturing of machined surface layer coatings of materials in a given group of materials used for different surface engineering processes. Originality/value: The paper presents the research involving the PVD coatings obtained on an unconventional substrate such as aluminium alloys. Contemporary materials should possess high mechanical properties, physical and chemical, as well as technological ones, to ensure long and reliable use. The above mentioned requirements and expectations regarding the contemporary materials are met by the non-ferrous metals alloys used nowadays, including the aluminium alloys.

8

Strain field analysis in nanoindentation test of gradient coatings

Szparaga Ł., Ratajski J., Bartosik B.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 64, nr 2

219--227

EN

Purpose: In the paper strain distributions within TiAlN/TiN gradient coatings in nanoindentation test were analysed. The main goal was to examine the influence of the type of a gradient layer on strain distributions in the area of the indenter/coating. Design/methodology/approach: For physical modelling purposes Cr, TiN and TiAlN layers were treated as a continuous medium. Basing on this simplification for the mathematical description of the strain states in the coating a classical theory of stiffness was used. Gradient layers were modelled using the conception of transition function which describe continuous physico-chemical material parameters changes in each layer in the multilayer coating. The computer analysis of the strain fields in the coating after deposition process was done vie FEM method. Findings: For a chosen types of gradient coatings the strain distributions in the coating under external loads (nanoindentation test) were calculated. Using created examples of transition functions, the influence of the shape of the function on strain isolines in the area of the indenter/coating was examined. Research limitations/implications: The main simplification which was done during creation of the mathematical model was an assumption that the coating and the substrate are continuous media. This assumption causes that some physical effects occurring during experimental nanoindentation test can not be properly described in a computer model. Also there are numerous mathematical models of contact, so obtained numerical results (strain distributions) strongly depend of the postulated contact model. Practical implications: For a practical implications of the obtained results one should include a mathematical description of the strain states in the nanoindentation test of gradient coatings. The stress and strain fields analysis is extremely important in respect of fracture analysis. It should be also emphasis, that proposed mathematical description of gradient layer using transition function conception is an easy way to represent physical and chemical properties of gradient coating in computer models. The advantage of such a description of gradient layers can be used for example in polyoptimization process of multilayer gradient coatings. Originality/value: The main value of the paper is the comparison study of strain distribution in nanoindentation test of three different gradient coatings represented be three types of transition functions: (a) step function, (b) linear function and (c) modified non symmetrical sigmoidal function.

9

Ti(C,N) and (Ti,Al)N hard wear resistant coatings

Dobrzański L. A., Żukowska L., Kwaśny W., Mikuła J., Gołombek K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 2

93-103

EN

Purpose: Investigation the influence of kind of PVD coatings structure (homogenous or gradient) on properties of deposited tool materials: cemented carbides and cermets. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the structure, analysis of the mechanical and functional properties: surface roughness, microhardness tests, scratch tests, cutting tests. The Ti(C,N) gradient coating was investigated by XPS method with multifunctional PHI 5700/660 spectrometer. The characteristic of surface region coating were determined from XPS depth profile. X-ray qualitative phase analysis and the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) was employed to collect the detailed information about phase composition of investigated material’s surface layer. Microstructural of investigations substrates and coatings by transmission electron miocroscopy (TEM) were done. Findings: Results of the investigation the influence of PVD coatings structure (homogenous or gradient) and kind on properties of coated tool materials: cemented carbides and cermets are given in the paper. Coatings are characterized by dense, compact structure, there have been identified no pores, fractures and discontinuities. The coatings were deposited uniformly onto the investigated substrate materials and show a characteristic columnar, fine-graded structure. The results of roughness, microhardness and cutting tests confirm the advantages of the PVD coatings. The coatings deposited onto the investigated substrates are characterised by good adhesion and causes increasing of wear resistance. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) in the investigated coatings were used to describe the structure and gradient character of the coatings. Practical implications: Deposition of hard, thin, gradient coatings on materials surface by PVD method features one of the most intensely developed directions of improvement of the working properties of materials. Originality/value: New techniques of gradient coatings deposition is one of the most spectacular aspect of the materials engineering development in the last years. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) in the investigated coatings were used to describe the gradient character of the coatings.

10

Hard gradient (Ti,Al,Si)N coating deposited on composite tool materials

Dobrzański L. A., Żukowska L., Mikuła J., Gołombek K., Gawarecki T.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 36, nr 2

69-75

EN

Purpose: This paper presents investigation of gradient coating of (Ti,Al,Si)N deposited on the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide ceramics substrate deposited with the PVD process. Design/methodology/approach: Structure of substrate and coating was investigated with use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM); The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry (AES) examinations was carried out for proving the gradient character of the (Ti,Al,Si)N coating. The investigation includes also microhardness and roughness tests of the deposited coating and used substrate. Scratch test results was analysed to introduce adherence of the investigated coating. Findings: Gradient structure and main properties of the investigated materials were introduced. It has been stated, that properties of the coated with gradient (Ti,Al,Si)N coating oxide tool ceramic increase in comparison with uncoated material. Practical implications: Depositing the wear resistant gradient coating onto the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic results in a significant increase of the surface layer microhardness, contributing most probably in this way in machining to the decrease of the wear intensity of cutting tools’ flanks made from the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic. Originality/value: Gradient coatings are an innovative idea. The composition, microstructure and properties of gradient materials change continuously from the surface to the interior of the material.

11

Sintered tool materials with multi-component PVD gradient coatings

Gołombek K., Mikuła J., Pakuła D., Żukowska L. W., Dobrzański L. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 31, nr 1

15-22

EN

Purpose: The main aim of researches was investigation of structure and properties of the (Ti, Al, Si)N gradient wear resistant coatings. Design/methodology/approach: The structural investigations include the metallographic analysis on the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, glow-discharge optical emission spectroscope GDOES, auger electron spectroscope (AES) and using the X-ray diffractometer. The investigations include also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the materials: substrate hardness tests and microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings as well as cutting properties. Findings: Deposition of the multicomponent gradient coatings with the PVD method, based on the Al and Si solid secondary solution in the TiN titanium nitride, isomorphous with the alternating pure titanium nitride TiN, on tools made from oxide, nitride ceramics and tool cermets, results in the increase of mechanical properties in comparison with uncoated tool materials, deciding thus the improvement of their working properties. Practical implications: Deposition of (Ti, Al, Si)N nanocrystalline coatings by the use of PVD method causes the increase of cutting properties of tools made of cermets for ca. 300% and of Al2O3+ZrO2 for ca. 100% comparing to adequately uncoated tools. Originality/value: Comparison of the wide range of modern sintered tool materials with wide unique set of PVD coatings.

12

Low friction and wear resistant coating systems on Ti6Al4V alloy

Wendler B. G., Pawlak W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 26, nr 2

207-210

EN

Purpose: Development of an original multiplex hybrid treatment of Ti6Al4V alloy: diffusion hardening+intermediate hard gradient TiCxNy layer with use of continuous CAE+top low friction and wear resistant hard amorphous a-C layer with use of pulsed CAE method. Design/methodology/approach: Ti6Al4V substrates were diffusion hardened with interstitial O or N atoms with use of glow discharge plasma in the atmosphere Ar+O2 or Ar+N2. Next they were deposited with a hard gradient TiCxNy layer and with a hard amorphous a-C coating as the top one. The morphology, microstructure, chemical and phase composition, chemical bonds, microhardness and tribological properties during dry friction of the alloy after multiplex treatment have been investigated with use of SEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, Vickers diamond indenter and ball-on-plate test. Findings: An important increase of hardness of the near surface zone of the Ti6Al4V alloy has been achieved (from ∼ 350VHN to ∼ 1000 VHN), good adhesion between the gradient TiCxNy coating and the Ti6Al4V substrate as well as an important decrease of dry friction coefficient (down to ∼ 0.15) and a substantial increase of the resistance to wear (up to two orders of magnitude in comparison with non treated Ti alloy). Research limitations/implications: The research will be continued on greater number of specimens and against other counterbodies. Practical implications: It looks like that the Ti alloys can be used as mobile parts of machines due to high resistance to wear and low friction. Originality/value: A novel original multiplex hybrid treatment of Ti alloys has been developed at the Lodz University of Technology.

13

Structure of multicomponent and gradient PVD coatings deposited on sintered tool materials

Dobrzański L. A., Wosińska L., Gołombek K., Mikuła J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 20, nr 1-2

99-102

EN

Purpose: Investigation of the Al2O3+TiC type oxide tool ceramics and cemented carbides with the multicomponent (Ti, Al)N and gradient Ti(C, N) coatings deposited with use of the cathodic arc evaporation CAE-PVD method. Design/methodology/approach: SEM, confocal microscopy, X-ray qualitative microanalysis of elements, X-ray qualitative phase analysis. Findings: It was stated that investigated materials have a dense, compact structure and their fracture surface topography attests their high brittleness, characteristic especially for the oxide ceramic materials. The coatings were put down uniformly onto the investigated substrate materials. They have a columnar, fine-graded structure. Practical implications: Pro-ecological dry cutting processes without the use of the cutting fluids and in the "Near-Net-Shape" technology. Originality/value: Application of multicomponent (Ti, Al)N and gradient Ti(C, N) types of coatings onto sintered tool materials in order to improve cutting properties of the tools.

14

Investigation of hard gradient PVD (Ti, Al, Si)N coating

Dobrzański L. A., Wosińska L., Mikuła J., Gołombek K., Gawarecki T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 24, nr 2

59-62

EN

Purpose: Investigation of gradient coating of (Ti,Al,Si)N deposited on the Al203+SiC(w) oxide ceramics substrate by cathodic arc evaporation CAE-PVD method. Design/methodology/approach: Structure of substrate and coating was investigated with use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) examination was carried out for proving the gradient character of the (Ti,Al,Si)N coating. The investigation includes also microhardness and roughness tests of the deposited coating and used substrate; The Ra surface roughness parameter measurements were made on confocal microscope. Findings: Gradient structure and main properties of the investigated materials were introduced. It has been stated, that properties of the oxide tool ceramic with gradient (Ti,Al,Si)N coating increase in comparison with uncoated material. Practical implications: Depositing the wear resistant gradient coating onto the Al203+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic results in a significant increase of the surface layer microhardness, contributing most probably in this way in machining to the decrease of the wear intensity of cutting tools' flanks made from the Al203+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic. Originality/value: Functionally gradient coating form is a new class of structures in which the microstructure and properties vary gradually from the surface to the interior of the material.

15

Improving adhesion and wear resistance of carbon coatings using Ti:C gradient layers

Cłapa M., Batory D.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 20, nr 1-2

415-418

EN

Purpose: Very interesting combination of mechanical, physical and chemical properties of carbon films results in may possibilities of their industrial applications. Unfortunately the area of their usability is restricted due to poor adhesion caused by high internal stress. This problems are being solved using many different techniques including the deposition of Me:C (metal containing) gradient layers. A new deposition system allowing for simultaneous radio frequency plasma activated chemical vapour depostion (RF PACVD) and DC magnetron sputtering is presented in this paper. Design/methodology/approach: Ti:C gradient carbon layers were deposited on steel in a hybrid deposition chamber, employing radio frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma and DC magnetron sputtering. Layers with different thicknesses obtained by varied deposition parameters were examined. Friction coefficients and wear resistances were measured using the ball-on-disc method. Findings: Presented hybrid deposition system makes it possible to obtain thicker and still well adherent layers. Wear resistance was also improved noticeably and became several times better then for carbon layers with the same friction parameters. Research limitation/implications: Owed to the plasma based deposition method is the difficulty in covering complicated shapes. Use of materials other than titanium as a magnetron target, although certainly possible, is not covered in this paper. Practical implications: Ti:C gradient layers offer better wear resistance and allow for obtaining thicker carbon layers important in many tribological applications. They can be used where low friction coefficients are required. Originality/value: The combination of plasma deposition and magnetron sputtering in one process. This allows us to obtain varied gradients of chemical and phase composition in the deposited layers.

16

Gradient coatings deposited by Cathodic Arc Evaporation: characteristic of structure and properties

Dobrzański L. A., Gołombek K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 14, nr 1-2

48--53

EN

Purpose: It has been demonstrated in the paper that deposition of the multilayer and gradient coatings with the PVD method in the Cathodic Arc Evaporation CAE process on tools made from cermets. Design/methodology/approach: Structural examinations are presented of the applied coatings and their substrate made on the TEM, SEM and on the light microscope. Evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings onto the cermets was made using the scratch test. Cutting properties of the investigated materials were determined basing on the technological continuous cutting tests of the C45E steel. Microhardness tests of the deposited coatings were made on the ultra-micro-hardness tester. Surface roughness tests were also made before depositing the coatings and after completing the PVD process. Findings: It has been demonstrated in this work that deposition of the TiN+(Ti,Al,Si)N+TiN multilayer or gradient coatings with the PVD (Cathodic Arc Evaporation) process on tools made from cemented carbides, results in the increase of coatings’ hardness and improvement of their adhesion to the substrate, in comparison with the multiple-layer coatings deposited using the PVD method on the same substrate materials, deciding improvement of the working properties of cutting tools coated with the TiN+gradient or multi(Ti,Al,Si)N+TiN system coatings, compared with coatings developed on the same sintered tool materials, but uncoated or coated with simple coatings. Practical implications: Gradient coatings deposited with the CAE method onto the cermet substrate qualify for the widespread industrial use on cutting tools and offering the possibility to use them in the pro-ecological dry cutting processes without the use of the cutting fluids and in the „Near-Net-Shape” technology. Originality/value: In the paper the research of newly worked out multilayer and gradient TiN+(Ti,Al,Si)N+TiN nanocrystalline coatings deposited in the PVD method on cermets carried out in order to improve the tool cutting properties. To explain reasons of significant improvement of tool exploitation properties modern material science methods of research especially of the one of thin foils including those on cross-sections on a high-voltage transmission electron microscopy have been used. As a result of very complicated and difficult preparation methods, similar research are made only by few, the most advanced in the world, laboratories of electron microscopy, but concerning other coatings on other substrates than those analysed in the given paper. Undoubtedly, using such modern research methods is a modern approach to the solution and explanation of the scientific problem presented in that paper.