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1

Antibiotics resistance in Enterococcus isolates from poultry waste

Cybulska Krystyna, Krzyśko-Łupicka Teresa

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 2

305--316

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the drug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from different types of poultry waste. The study material consisted of feather samples (duck, turkey, chicken), sludge and centrifuge sediment, originating from three poultry farms. The study was conducted in two stages; isolation and identification of Enterococcus bacteria from the waste and evaluation of their drug resistance using Kirby-Bauer method. Contamination of the poultry waste with Enterococcus isolates included E. faecium species (79 %) and E. faecalis (21 %). The most contaminated were sludge and sediment from the centrifuge as well as chicken feathers, irrespective of the place and time of sampling. Tested isolates showed multiple resistance and similar reaction to all antibiotics used in the study and E. faecalis strain was more resistant. Enterococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to streptogramins, carbapenems, fluoroquinones, aminoglycosides and penicillins, and the lowest for nitrofurantions and phenicols.

2

A Possibility of Functioning Biogas Plant at a Poultry Farm

Janczak Damian, Mazurkiewicz Jakub, Czekała Wojciech, Myszura Magdalena, Kozłowski Kamil, Jeżowska Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

225--231

EN

The biogas production constitutes one of renewable energy sources (RES) . In addition, wastes are preferred for energy production. In the case of some wastes, e.g. poultry manure, it is difficult to conduct anaerobic digestion in monofermentation. The aim of this work was to plan the biogas plant, in which the main substrate is the waste from a poultry farm. The scope of work included: preparation of a biogas plant technological project, determining the amount of biogas and methane that can be produced annually on the example of the selected poultry farm, performing the energy and financial calculations for the current conditions prevailing on the renewable energy market in Poland. The installation project assumed the location of a biogas plant at an existing poultry farm – the source of the substrate. The micro-biogas plant includes a fermentation tank with a capacity of 500 m3 and storage of digestate pulp with a capacity of 700 m3. The assumed power biogas plant will generate 112 kW of electricity and 120 kW of heat. The installation will operate in a single-stage mesophilic technology (39 °C), which will avoid incurring additional costs related to heating and the construction of additional fermentation tanks. The use of poultry manure by anaerobic digestion provides benefits through biogas technology. It is necessary to examine the technology in terms of biogas production, which is carried out under better sanitary and environmental conditions. This work was undertaken to investigate the environmentally friendly removal of poultry manure through biogas technology to obtain the best economic effect, and employ it further, e.g. as a fertilizer.

3

Quantity and quality of biogas produced from the poultry sludge optimized by filamentous fungi

Wrońska I., Cybulska K.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 3

395--404

EN

One of the methods for recovery and utilization of waste products from the poultry industry is to subject them to the methane fermentation process in the biogas plant. These are waste with a high content of fatty compounds and proteins, including keratin. Their specificity is characterized by rapid possibility of spoilage, rancidity and problems of further management. These wastes are characterized by varying degrees of complexity, thus their use as a raw material for the biogas fermenter should be preceded by a pre-treatment. An example of waste generated in poultry processing is biological sludge. Optimizing this material with highly enzymatic fungi could accelerate the degradation of the organic matter contained and, as a result, increase the energy efficiency of this type of waste. Quantitative and qualitative parameters of biogas produced from biological sludge processed by isolated filamentous fungi with high metabolic potential were determined. Laboratory tests were based on the modified methodology included in the standards DIN 38414-S8 and VDI 4630. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the pre-optimization of biological sludge by fungal strains with different metabolic potential, influences on the yield of biogas production, including methane. There was an increase in the biogas yield from the biological sludge processed by the mixed fungal consortium (by 20 %) and the strain marked as F1 (by 14 %) as compared to the non-inoculated material, which was also reflected in the amount of methane produced in the case of the mixed fungal consortium (by 28 %) and the strain marked as F1 (by 12 %).

4

Presence of microorganisms at various stages of poultry wastes management. Part I. Keratinolytic microorganisms

Wrońska I., Cybulska K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 5

43--48

EN

Poultry waste management is a difficult and arduous process. This requires a number of steps of processing the organic substances included in the waste mass from poultry industry. These wastes, due to the high content of keratin, are hardly degradable. One of the possibilities of their decomposition is the use of highly-active microorganisms. The aim of the study was to determine the presence of keratinolytic microorganisms at the selected stages of poultry waste management. The research material consisted of slime originating from liquid waste reservoir, biological sludge, and proper compost. Analyses were performed on mineral substrates containing keratin as the only carbon source. Based on the study, the presence of keratinolytic microorganisms was found in all materials. The slime was the most numerously inhabited waste, while proper compost the least. Predominant group of microorganisms, regardless of the tested material type, was composed of bacteria.

5

The number of E. coli and C. perfringens bacteria in poultry waste and subsequent phases of composting

Cybulska K., Suchecka N., Wrońska I., Mahdi-Oraibi S.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2015

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Vol. 9, No. 1

19--24

EN

Rapidly growing commercial poultry production generates large amounts of waste. Waste that accumulates during the poultry slaughter process often remains unprocessed, becoming a serious threat to people’s health and the natural environment. Poultry production waste constitutes problems odour threat and dangerous sanitary threat. The aim of this study was to determine the population size of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in poultry waste and in successive stages of waste composting. Research material consisted of raw feathers collected immediately after the slaughter, samples of biological sludge from the centrifuge, mixture of straw, feathers and lime and processed compost. Microbiological analyses were conducted with the use of spread plate count method and the substrate was used in accordance with research standards. The size of population of microorganisms in the samples analyzed corresponded to the waste processing stage and group of microbes. The presence of C. perfringens strains was ascertained in all samples, whereas E. coli strains were identified only in raw feathers and centrifuge sludge, being most numerous in unprocessed material. A reverse trend was observed in case of C. perfringens with the highest population density in centrifuge sludge and least density in raw feathers.

PL

Intensywnie rozwijająca się produkcja drobiarska wiąże się z generowaniem dużej ilości odpadów. Powstające produkty uboczne podczas uboju pozostawione w stanie surowym stają się poważnym zagrożeniem dla środowiska naturalnego i zdrowia ludzi. Mogą stwarzać problemy odorotwórcze oraz istotnie groźne zanieczyszczenie sanitarne. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie liczebności E. coli i C. perfringens w odpadach drobiarskich oraz kolejnych etapach ich kompostowania. Materiał badawczy stanowiły świeże pióra bezpośrednio po uboju, osad biologiczny z wirówki, mieszanina słomy, pierza i wapna oraz kompost przerobiony. Analizy mikrobiologiczne wykonano metodą płytkową, wykorzystując wybiórcze podłoża zgodne z normami. Liczebność mikroorganizmów w badanych próbach zależała od fazy przerobu odpadu i analizowanej grupy drobnoustrojów. Obecność bakterii C. perfringens stwierdzono we wszystkich próbach, natomiast bakterie E. coli tylko w piórach surowych i osadzie z wirówki, przy czym najliczniej występowały w materiale nieprzetworzonym. Odwrotną tendencję zaobserwowano w przypadku C. perfringens, które najliczniej zasiedlały osad z wirówki, natomiast ich mniejszą liczebność stwierdzono w piórach surowych.

6

Factors Influencing Composting Poultry Waste

Kopeć M., Chmiel M., Gondek K., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Antonkiewicz J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

93--100

EN

Organic recycling of waste, taking into account sanitary safety, should be a fundamental method for recovering the nutrients present in the waste for plants and organic matter. It also refers to byproducts of animal origin, which are not intended for con-sumption by humans. In the present research , composting of hydrated poultry slaugh-terhouse waste with maize straw was carried out. A combination with fodder yeast and post-cellulose lime was also introduced, which modified chemical and physico chemical properties of the mixtures. The experiment was carried out by recording the biomass temperature for 110 days in 1.2×1.0×0.8 m reactors with perforated bottoms enabling active aeration. The following parameters were taken into consideration in the composted material: carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, respiratory activity, microorganisms, fractions of compost obtained after washing on sieves. Small amounts of fodder yeast favoured the development of microorganisms and caused a sanitary risk in the final product. At the initial stage, the temperature of raw compost in that object was several degrees lower than in the case of the composted mass without yeast addition. The addition of post-cellulose lime at ratios 6.5:1:6.5 (maize straw: poultry slaughterhouse waste: post-cellulose lime) caused a change in the time of microbiological activity, and led to its inhibition in the final process. In comparison to objects with poultry waste, the highest degree of hygienization was found in the compost with post-cellulose lime (with pH close to neutral). By adjusting the ratios of substrates we can influence the microbiological activity, but the amounts of individual substrates should be determined taking into account the quality of the obtained compost.

7

Methane fermentation of poultry slaughterhouse waste

Wymysłowski M., Łuczak M., Zawadzka A., Imbierowicz M., Chacuk A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2010

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Vol. 12, nr 3

15-18

EN

One of the alternative methods for the treatment of animal by-products is their utilization in biological processes with a simultaneous production of energy-rich biogas. The results of the investigations of methane fermentation of animal waste are discussed in the study. The methane fermentation was carried out at 35°C. The substrates used in the experiments included poultry heads and muscle tissue. Furthermore, the fermentation residues subjected previously to hydrothermal processing were used as a substrate. The suspension of those substrates in the initial concentration range from 1 g TOC/dm3 to 11 g TOC/dm3 was used in the process. Additionally, the effect of the preliminary stage of hydrothermal substrate processing on methane fermentation efficiency was assessed. Poultry waste was subjected to thermohydrolysis at the temperature from 100°C to 300°C and pressure up to 9.0 MPa. The efficiency of the methane fermentation was estimated on the basis of biogas generated in the process. The biogas production was between 0.17 Ndm3/g TOC and 1.53 Ndm3/g TOC. In the case of poultry heads, a beneficial impact of hydrothermal processing at the temperatures from 100°C to 175°C was confirmed. For poultry meat the preliminary thermohydrolysis brought about a decrease of methane fraction in the biogas evolved. The preliminary hydrothermal processing made it possible to meet the requirements of legal regulations for the hygienization of by-products of animal origin. The obtained results allowed us to identify conditions under which the methane fermentation was carried out and which ensured a high level of methanization.