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1

Microstructural characterisation of adsorbent ash with potentially toxic elements in a mortar

Naser Heba, Al-Labadi Ibrahim G., Dorkota Andrea, Czinkota Imre, Horváth Márk

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 1

103--116

EN

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in ecosystems and construction materials pose a significant environmental concern. Various qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed to analyse PTEs in a sample. This study explores an innovative approach that incorporates PTE (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) adsorbent ash, specifically adsorbed paper ash (APA) and adsorbed mulch ash (AMA), into mortar composites. This approach offers several advantages, including reduced reliance on waste landfills, energy recovery during the ashing process, and immobilisation of PTEs within a cement matrix. This study evaluated the elemental and microstructural characteristics of mortar composites incorporated with adsorbed ash by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), followed by analysing the elemental maps with ImageJ software version 1.8.0. Parallel experiments were conducted to measure the leaching of mortar composites. The total elemental content of PTEs in the leachate solutions was quantified using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The differences in adsorption capacity and leaching of PTEs observed between paper and mulch can be ascribed to their distinct affinities, which are influenced by the recorded pH levels. The examined elemental mapping revealed a consistent distribution across the APA and AMA mortar matrix structures, with greater intensity than the blank mortar sample. Furthermore, there is a reverse correlation between the order of percentage area coverage of the immobilised elements and the order of leaching, indicating that the PTEs were successfully immobilised. The percentage of PTE area coverage within AMA mortar composites followed the subsequent order: Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu, constituting 32.1 %, 28.6 %, 13.8 %, and 12.4 %, respectively. This order was also observed in the blank mortar composite, with percentages of 12.5 %, 8.6 %, 4.5 %, and 4.2 %, respectively. In the case of the APA mortar composite, the percentage of area coverage followed a different sequence: Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu, representing 27.7 %, 26.6 %, 14.5 %, and 14.1 %, respectively. The results also demonstrated notable improvements in the microstructure of the mortar when AMA and APA are incorporated, which is attributed to the ash additives’ micro-filling capacity. The findings contribute to advancing environmentally sound construction practices, with implications for sustainable waste management and pollution mitigation.

2

Torfowiska - jako archiwa potencjalnie toksycznych pierwiastków z depozycji atmosferycznej

Miszczak Ewa

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

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nr 3

30--35

PL

Od kilku tysięcy lat działalność człowieka ma wpływ na emisję zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery, co powoduje powszechne zanieczyszczenie środowiska, m.in. potencjalnie toksycznymi pierwiastkami (PTP). Zanieczyszczenia te oddziałują nie tylko lokalnie, ale w wyniku transportu z masami powietrza na duże odległości również wpływają na odległe obszary, w tym także polarne. Jednym ze sposobów ilościowego określania zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych jest badanie archiwów środowiskowych, które mogą zachować chronologiczny zapis ich osadzania się. Obiektami, które wykazują szczególną przydatność do wykorzystania jako archiwa depozycji atmosferycznej PTP, są torfowiska ombrotroficzne, ze względu na okres ich formowania się, sięgający setek, a nawet tysięcy lat, powszechne występowanie w skali globalnej, brak wpływu wód gruntowych oraz właściwości sorpcyjne materii organicznej zatrzymującej pierwiastki w warstwie torfu. Archiwa te okazały się bardzo cenne dla szczegółowej rekonstrukcji chronologii skażenia środowiska na całym świecie.

EN

For several thousand years, human activities have influenced the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, causing widespread environmental pollution, e.g. with potentially toxic elements (PTE). These pollutants act not only locally, but as a result of long-range transport with air masses, they also affect remote regions, including the polar area. One of the methods of quantifying atmospheric pollutants is to study environmental archives, which can maintain a chronological record of their deposition. Objects that are particularly useful as environmental archives of PTE atmospheric deposition are ombrotrophic peat bogs, due to their formation period, reaching hundreds or even thousands of years, widespread occurrence on a global scale, no Impact of groundwater, and the sorption properties of organic matter retaining elements in the peat layer. These archives have proven to be very valuable for the detailed reconstruction of the chronology of environmental contamination around the world.

3

Environmental Health Hazards of the Demolition of the 'Siechnice' Smelter Slag Heap

Łukasik Paulina, Wróbel Magdalena, Stojanowska Agnieszka, Zeynalli Farhad, Rybak Justyna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

74--85

EN

The activities of smelters are often responsible for emitting pollution, especially PTEs, which are known to have a negative impact on the environment. Hence, the areas with active or past smelter activities are now of great concern. Following this idea, the analysis of the soil samples from the area nearby post-metallurgic waste dump, which is a remnant of the smelter where ferrochrome was produced, was performed. The samples were analyzed in terms of metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Cr) and only the concentrations of Pb did not exceed the limit value for soil. Calculations of the exposure doses for each of these metals were also presented, considering different routes of exposure. Additionally, Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and excessive risk of cancer development (ECR) were calculated, which helped to estimate the health risk.

4

Mobility of potentially toxic elements from the abandoned uranium mine’s spoil bank

Khumalo Lamlile, Heltai György, Várhegyi András, Horváth Márk

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2021

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Vol. 28, nr 2

241--258

EN

This study is part of the ongoing environmental monitoring program of the abandoned Mecsek uranium mine during the remediation period. During this program on the recultivated No.1 spoil bank, the radioactivity and the potentially toxic element (PTE) contents in the covering soil had shown some anomalies which refers to possible migration alongside the slope. Therefore, in a previous study, soil and plant samples were collected from top to bottom position of the slope and the total element content was determined by multi-elemental inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results have indicated that there was a high possibility for PTEs to be mobile and available for uptake by plants. To confirm this indication in the present study for the soil samples the BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to characterise the environmental mobility of PTEs, and it was compared with soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results indicated that the ratio of Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, and U in the non-residual fractions ranged between 36.8 to 100 % and increased from top to bottom direction. The comparison showed that the samples with the lowest pH and CEC had the most mobility of the PTEs. The distribution of U, Cd, Mn, Co, and Pb in fractions indicated that some parts of the spoil deposit require additional steps to hinder the migration through the covering soil layer, and the BCR sequential extraction procedure has proven to be useful in providing information for the planning and management of remediation operations.

5

Magnetyzm środowiskowy : rodzaje wzbogacenia magnetycznego na przykładzie gleby inicjalnej skalistej i rankera

Szuszkiewicz Marcin, Łukasik Adam, Szuszkiewicz Maria Magdalena

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2020

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Z. 3-4

139--153

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było scharakteryzowanie źródeł pochodzenia cząstek magnetycznych na przykładzie gleby inicjalnej skalistej i rankera. Analiza rozkładów pionowych wybranych parametrów magnetycznych i geochemicznych prowadzona była w trzech profilach glebowych wytworzonych z/na różnym podłożu skalnym (serpentynicie, amfibolicie i granitoidzie). Prezentowane badania oparte zostały o wykorzystanie wybranych parametrów magnetycznych: podatność magnetyczna (χ) i jej zależność częstotliwościowa (χfd), wspartych przez analizy geochemiczne (określenie zawartości wybranych potencjalnie toksycznych pierwiastków (PTEs: Pb i Zn) oraz Fe, a także zastosowanie wskaźnika geoakumulacji (Igeo). Wyniki wskazują na wertykalną zmienność wartości χ w profilach glebowych, która także odzwierciedla stopień zmienności pozostałych parametrów. W przypadku geogenicznego wzbogacenia magnetycznego wysoka wartość podatności magnetycznej w poziomie mineralnym (przejściowym) AC wskazuje na dominującą rolę procesów wietrzenia i redystrybucji ferrimagnetycznych minerałów z podłoża skalnego (poziomu R) do wierzchnich poziomów gleby. Natomiast, pedogeniczne wzbogacenie magnetyczne związane było z podpoziomem organicznym Ofh, gdzie stwierdzona została obecność superparamagnetycznych cząstek. W odniesieniu do profilu wytworzonego z granitu, magnetyczny i geochemiczny sygnał w wierzchnim poziomie mineralnym (Ah) jest efektem wzbogacenia w technogeniczne cząstki magnetyczne (TMPs).

EN

The primary aim of this study was to characterize the origin and nature of magnetic particles on the example of Lithosol and Ranker. Analyses of the vertical distribution of selected magnetic and geochemical parameters were conducted in three different soil profiles developed on various bedrock to describe the local conditions and factors affecting magnetic enhancement. Examined soil profiles represent two type of soils (one Brown Ranker and two Lithosol) developed from igneous – plutonic (granitoid) and metamorphic (amphibolite and serpentinite) rocks, respectively. The measured magnetic parameters include: volume (κ) and mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) as well as frequencydependent of magnetic susceptibility (χfd). Moreover, magnetic data were supported by geochemical measurement of the selected Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs: Pb and Zn) and Fe content, and quantification of soil pollution parameter (i.e. Geoaccumulation Index – Igeo). The results show that the vertical variability of χ values in soil profiles results also in a high variability of other presented ‘parameters’. In the case of geogenic magnetic enhancement, the high magnetic susceptibility values measured in mineral (transitional) horizon AC indicated the predominant role of weathering processes together with the redistribution of ferrimagnetic minerals from bedrock (i.e. R horizon) to the topsoil. Whereas, the pedogenic magnetic enhancement was related to organic subhorizon Oea (in soil profile developed on amphibolite) and reflects the occurrence of ultra-fine superparamagnetic particles. Magnetic and geochemical signal in the topsoil horizon (i.e. Ah) of profile developed from granite cause the enhancement of Technogenic Magnetic Particles (TMPs), i.e. the increment of χ is accompanied with the high concentration of iron, lead and zinc.

6

Arsenic, Cadmium, and Thallium Content in the Plants Growing in Close Proximity to a Zinc Works – Long-Term Observations

Kicińska Alicja

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

61--69

EN

The paper comprises an analysis of the As, Cd, and Tl content in two plant species (Agrostis capillaris and Betula pendula) commonly growing in the vicinity of the Miasteczko Śląskie Zinc Works, in the period of 1998–2018. In 2018, the As, Cd, and Tl content (in mg/kg) in the grasses was 1.10–1.68, 3.14–19.05, and 0.53–5.96, respectively, i.e. lower by 50–70%, compared to the year 1998. The As, Cd, and Tl content (in mg/kg) in birch leaves at the same time point was 0.74–1.54, 4.65–32.44, and 0.80–7.57, respectively, i.e. lower by 10–80%, compared to values found 20 years earlier. In all grass and birch leaf samples collected in 1998 and 2018, the content of the studied elements exceeded the so-called “natural levels”. The 1998 content of As, Cd, and Tl in the plants was due to the settling of dust containing industrial pollutants and reached 77–96%. After 20 years, the contribution of this source of pollution was considerably lower, reaching 63–79%. The performed analyses demonstrated the following mean contents of the analyzed elements in dust: 243 mg As/kg, 1113 mg Cd/kg, and 44 mg Tl/kg, which confirms the hypothesis on the major role of dust in the current soil and plant pollution. In all the habitats analyzed, a significant decrease of the transfer factor (TF) was found for As and Cd in 2018, compared to 1998. For Tl, a different observation was made. In three out of four analyzed habitats, TF decreased over the two decades studied, whereas in the remaining habitat, TF was higher in 2018 than in 1998 both for the grasses and for the birch leaves. Over the past 20 years, the most polluted area changed as well, from the land located closest to the zinc works, in the direction aligned with the most common winds, to the areas subject to the most intense settling of pollutants carried by the wind from unsecured heaps and industrial waste storage areas.

7

ICP-MS jako narzędzie do oceny oddziaływania na środowisko odpadów i wycieków

Miszczak E., Twardowska I.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2011

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R. 16, nr 2

34-36

PL

W artykule przedstawiono fragment wyników, dotyczących zawartości pierwiastków potencjalnie toksycznych PTP (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) w wyciekach z kolumn wypełnionych odpadami powęglowymi. Zastosowanie techniki spektrometrii mas ze wzbudzeniem w plazmie indukcyjnie sprzężonej (ICP-MS) pozwoliło na przeprowadzanie analizy badanego materiału z wyeliminowaniem niedogodności i ograniczeń spowodowanych występowaniem złożonej matrycy.