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The Use and Potential Impacts of Pesticides in Chili Farming in the Thanh Binh District, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam

Mi Le Thi Diem, Giao Nguyen Thanh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

1--11

EN

The study aimed to evaluate the current status and potential risks of pesticide use of 23 chili growing households in the Thanh Binh district, Dong Thap province, Vietnam. The result shows that farmers used a total of 40 commercial pesticide names with 43 active ingredients, of which two active ingredients, i.e. Benomyl and Fipronil, were banned. The frequency of pesticide spraying for chili protection averaged at 8.93 times/crop, for weed control at 1.83 times/crop, for pests at 12.43 times/crop, for disease control at 14.48 times/crop and for chili growth promoting at 4.82 times/crop. Farmers sprayed pesticides with higher doses than recommended on the labels when pests and diseases occurred on chili farm. The active ingredients in powder and liquid pesticides of Mancozeb, Metalaxyl, Propined, Difenoconazole, Abamectin and Azoxystrobin have been frequently used with estimated concentrations of 5023±3886.36, 337.71±237.50, 4093.92±3628.57, 289.27±264.73, 31.60±29.02 and 652.57±468.35 g/L/ha, respectively. The predicted amounts of ineffective use of such pesticides as Benomyl, Cypermethrin, Fosetylaluminium, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, Buprofezin, Chlorfenapyr and Difenoconazole, could pose great risks to the environment and humans. Burning is the main method chosen by chili farmers in the treatment of pesticide packaging after use. The study suggests local environmental managers should train farmers in the use and management of pesticide wastes more appropriately.

2

A New Model for Desertification Assessment Using Geographic Information System (GIS) — A Case Study, Runiz Basin, Iran

Masoudi M., Jokar P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 2

236--246

EN

The present paper attempts to evolve a new model by considering various indicators of different types of land degradation or desertification, namely, water erosion, soil salinity, vegetation degradation, and lowering of ground water table for finding areas with higher rate of degradation. The Runiz basin, located in the southern Iran, has been selected as a study area to assess the hazard of desertification. The thresholds for the severity classes of indicators were established and then the hazard map for each indicator of types of desertification has been prepared in a GIS. The risk classes of different risk maps were calculated on the basis of classification of risk scores derived by cumulative effect of all the attributes of indicators after overlying them in the GIS. It was possible to distinguish the areas under ‘actual risk’ from areas under ‘potential risk’ of desertification types. Also areas under potential risk were classified to subclasses with different probability level to show a statistical picture of risk in future. The final map of risk of desertification was produced by overlaying all four maps of degradation types. Results show that potential risk areas and areas under actual risk are almost equal, indicating further threat of desertification in future in the half of the region. Also severe condition in the half of region shows environmentally bad situation in the study area. It is hoped that this attempt using GIS will be found applicable for other regions of the world.

3

Safety management of grey water - prevention against potential system risks

Rysulova M., Kaposztasova D., Vranayova Z.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2015

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z. 62, nr 3/II

393--401

EN

Using recycled water or grey water system is relatively new concept in Slovakia, which gives users or investors an impression, that something what is new and unproven, may not be reliable. It is obvious, that in some cases, there may arise the situation, which wasn´t expected and system can fail, despite taking all necessary measures, however this can occur even in systems used safety for years. This report focuses on grey water system application and determines its potential risks, which can bring benefits, especially in terms of prevention of their creation. Then we know to which parts of the system, we have to give special attention, whether in the designing process, using or maintenance and we can ensure efficient and reliable system. This report deals with the potential risks of grey water system and the way how to avoid them, while it is important to remember that naming of the risks are just theoretical, and it doesn´t mean that they will occur.

PL

Używanie odzyskanej wody albo systemu wody gospodarczej jest stosunkowo nowym pojęciem na Słowacji, który daje użytkownikom albo inwestorom wrażenie, że to co jest nowością i nie jest sprawdzone, nie może być niezawodne. Jest oczywistym, że w niektórych przypadkach, może wystąpić nieoczekiwana sytuacja i system może być zawodny, pomimo użycia wszystkich koniecznych środków. Jednak może to wystąpić nawet w systemach bezpiecznie użytkowanych przez wiele lat. Artykuł przybliża zagadnienia dotyczące systemów wykorzystania wody gospodarczej i ustala potencjalne ryzyko, któremu zapobieganie może przynosić wymierne korzyści. Jeżeli jest znane na którą części systemu, należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę podczas procesu projektowania, użytkowania albo utrzymania można zapewniać skuteczny i niezawodny system. Artykuł podaje potencjalne ryzyko występujące w systemie wody gospodarczej i sposoby jak ich unikać pamiętając, że zjawiska nazywane ryzykiem są po prostu teoretyczne, i nie oznacza, że muszą nastąpić.