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1
Content available remote Euler solution selecting method based on the damping factor
EN
We present a method, named the variable damping factor selecting method, to select reliable Euler solutions. Our method considers the influence of small perturbations on the movement of Euler solutions as a selection criterion. Small perturbations have little influence on the least-squares solution generated from a stable matrix with large eigenvalues and in the projection area of the source position in the observational data. It is found that the matrix is stable and the solutions are reliable. By using the damped least square method to calculate the Euler solutions, our method can automatically estimate whether a solution can be saved. The saved solution, which is considered to be reliable, is not sensitive to any changes of the damping factor and is usually generated within a sliding window located in the projection area. In our work, the damping factor is chosen from the eigenvalue of the sliding window. Tests on synthetic and real data showed that our method is simple and easy to conduct, and can successfully outline causative bodies and singular point sources.
PL
W artykule omówiono przykładowe systemy pomiarowe do wielopunktowej rejestracji potencjałów czynnościowych i polowych. Opisano: specyfikę potencjałów czynnościowych i polowych, metody pomiarów In Vivo i In Vitro, oraz główne rodzaje matryc mikroelektrod wytwarzanych w technologii MEMS wykorzystywanych w pomiarach elektrycznej aktywności tkanki nerwowej. Przedstawiono również ośmiokanałowy dedykowany układ scalony do kondycjonowania potecjałów czynnościowych i polowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stawianych mu wymagań. W dalszej kolejnosci przedstawiono dwa moduły pomiarowe oparte na wspomnianym układzie scalonym, jeden do pomiarów z użyciem elektrod płaskich, drugi ostrzowych. Na końcu komunikatu przedstawiono przykładową rejstrację przeprowadzoną metodą In Vitro, która przedstawia epizod rytmu theta w skrawku hipokampa.
EN
In this paper exemplary measurements systems for action potentials and local field potentials is discussed. It briefly describes: specificity of action potentials and local field potentials, In Vivo and In Vitro method and the main types of microelectrode arrays fabricated in MEMS technology and used in electrical activity of nerve tissue measurements. Next eight-channel dedicated integrated circuit for actions potentials and local field potentials signal conditioning is presented with particular emphasis on the relevant requirements. Then two measurements modules are described based on the mentioned integrated circuit, one for measurements with planar electrodes and another for measurements with penetrating electrodes. Eventually, exemplary In Vitro registration from hippocampus by using penetrating electrodes is shown with a single theta rhythm episode.
3
Content available Quantum theory of gravitation
EN
In the paper, the outline of a new quantum theory of gravitation is presented. The energetic states of a material body, stable and unstable, are described. Characteristics of a body motion in a gravitation-inertia space-time has been given. It has been proved that all the time both gravitation and inertia are co-existent, independent on the position of a moving object. This is the reason of that twolink name of the space-time. A thorough in-depth analysis of the problem made it possible to state that so called the law of common gravity is a hyperbolic approximation of a proper course of inertia force. Therefore the mentioned courses have only two common points. One of them, the initial point belongs also to the course line of the gravity force, constant on the whole length of space-time. This theory is adequate in character and thus generally does not corresponds with the existent classical theory of gravitation.
EN
The work covers an adequate analytical dependence of solubility measure of the chemical substances on the water/aqueous solution temperature. The solubility was defined and new, more readable solubility measure was introduced; the coefficient of solubility has been proposed instead. Then the source differential equation was introduced as the basis for the derivation of a final analytical form of dependence of the solubility coefficient on temperature. That characteristics has been developed by determining the dependence of the solubility coefficient variability intensity on temperature. An example of the use of presented theory has been delivered by referring it to the phenomenon of dissolution of AgNO3 silver nitrate in the aqueous environment. In the summary, quite a developed use of the source differential equation has been underlined with some more examples revealed.
EN
In the paper, the adequate theory of oscillator is presented, being a sort of prelude to verification of the classical theory of mechanics. In the first part of the paper the principle of energy conservation was considered. This second part of the paper is to present the energetic aspects of oscillator motion. Here also an exemplary real system corresponding with the existent differential equation of oscillator is given. They are to develop the kinetics of a body in the harmonic motion, to be presented in the next Part of the work.
EN
In the paper, the adequate theory of oscillator is presented, being a sort of prelude to verification of the classical theory of mechanics. The developed theory is based on a properly understood notion of energy, quantum value changes of its determined measures (potentials), as well as of such chan ges types of sites of full energetic states which presents the essence of the true principle of the energy conservation. In the first part of the paper the principle of energy conservation was considered. Then the energetic aspects of the oscillator motion, with an exemplary real system motion, were presented in the second Part. This part of the paper is devoted to the kinetics of a body in harmonic motion and verification of the adequate theory of oscillator. At the end, the determination of the gravity acceleration by means of mathematical pendulum is performed to confirm the presented findings.
EN
In the paper, the adequate theory of oscillator is presented, being a sort of prelude to verification of the classical theory of mechanics. The developed theory is based on properly understood the notion of energy, on quantum value changes of its determined measures (potentials), as well as of such chan ges types of sites of the total energetic states which present the essence of the true principle of energy conservation. General characteristics of classical mechanics is presented by exemplification of artifacts of classical theory of oscillator, energetic aspects of its motion, kinetics of the body In harmonic motion, and finely a new adequate theory of oscillator. This is the first part of the theory.
EN
In the paper, the adequate theory of oscillator is presented, being a sort of prelude to verification of the classical theory of mechanics. The developed theory is based on a properly understood notion of energy, quantum value changes of its determined measures (potentials), as well as of such chan ges types of sites of full energetic states which presents the essence of the true principle of the energy conservation. In the first part of the paper the principle of energy conservation was considered. Then the energetic aspects of the oscillator motion, with an exemplary real system motion was presented. The third part was a development of kinetics of a body in the harmonic motion and verification of the adequate theory of the oscillator. At the end, this Part 4 is devoted to the determination of the gravity acceleration by means of the mathematical pendulum to confirm the previously presented findings.
9
Content available remote Pomiar potencjału pola elektrycznego do oceny jakości energii elektrycznej
PL
Pomiar napięć w sieciach energetycznych wysokich napięć jest możliwy tylko poprzez układy pośrednie: przekładniki lub dzielniki. Oznacza to, że można pomiary wykonywać tylko w miejscach, gdzie są zbudowane instalacje pomiarowe. Dla celów oceny wybranych parametrów jakościowych energii elektrycznej nie jest konieczna znajomość wartości nominalnych. Takimi wskaźnikami jakości są np. wskaźnik uciążliwości migotania światła (ocena wahań napięcia) PST czy THD (ocena zniekształcenia kształtu przebiegu napięcia). Stosując dzielniki pojemnościowe nawet o nieznanym podziale lub znanym, ale z dużą niepewnością, można prowadzić pomiary podanych wskaźników jakości napięcia. Próby takich pomiarów były prowadzone z powodzeniem [1,2]. Autor proponuje ocenę wskaźników PST i THD za pomocą analizy sygnału potencjału pod linią wysokiego napięcia, dla której prowadzona jest ocena. Pomiar taki jest stosunkowo prosty dla linii jednofazowej i pomijalnym wpływie obcych pól elektrycznych. Inaczej przedstawia się sytuacja dla linii trójfazowej. Przykładowy uproszczony rozkład pod taką linią przedstawia rysunek 1. Pokazuje on, że istnieje możliwość takich pomiarów, ale w systemie pomiarowym z wieloma czujnikami. Liczba tych czujników oraz ich rozmieszczenie, a także częstotliwość próbkowania sygnałów czujników są istotne dla osiągnięcia celu pomiarów. Artykuł przedstawia sposób budowy i ideę przetwarzania sygnałów w systemie pomiarowym z wieloma czujnikami pola elektrycznego.
EN
Contemporary measurement of high voltages in power lines is carried out by using voltage transformers or dividers. Such measurements are relatively expensive and risky (dividers). Using electric field measurements placed under an overhead line allows for a relatively cheap and wideband measurements. Additional advantage is possibility of building a portable measurement device. Disadvantage of using field sensors is high uncertainty and high amount of calculations required for evaluation of momentary values of power line voltage. An article describes the concept of such a measurement and related difficulties.
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