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1

Effect of fertilisation with P, Mg or S enriched urea-ammonium nitrate solution on the management of macronutrients in common maize

Wierzbowska Jadwiga, Sienkiewicz Stanisław, Światły Arkadiusz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 57

39--51

EN

The purpose of this study has been to determine the effect of fertilisation with urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution enriched with P, Mg or S on the content of macronutrients in the grain and straw of maize. The following fertilisers were tested in the field experiment: ammonium nitrate, urea, UAN - 32% N; RSM+S - 26% N + 3% S; RSM+P(Medium) - 26% N and 4.80% P; RSM+P(Starter) - 21% N and 7.86% P; UAN + Mg - 20% N + 4% Mg. In each year of the experiment, significant differentiation in the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in maize grain and straw was observed, depending on the applied nitrogen fertilisation. However, considering the average values from each treatment achieved over the three years, it was demonstrated that the fertilisation significantly changed only the content of P and S in grain and K and Ca in straw of maize. The removal of nutrients was the highest in the second year of the research and amounted in kg∙ha-1 : P - about 100, K - about 350, Ca - about 80, Mg - about 35 and S - about 31, which in turn were differentiated over the years of the experiment in the three years. The removal of P, K, Mg and S also significantly depended on fertilisation. Significant differences, however, most often concerned the control treatment relative to the fertilised ones. The contribution of grain to the accumulation of nutrients also varied significantly in the three years of the experiment. Significantly the lowest share of grain in terms of P and S accumulation was noted in maize grown without N fertilisation.

2

The Effects of Various Organic Materials on Dactylis glomerata Yield and Content of Selected Macroelements

Malinowska Elżbieta, Wiśniewska-Kadżajan Beata, Ostaszewska Urszula, Horaczek Tomasz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

108--118

EN

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of various organic materials on Dactylis glomerata yield, on the content of selected macroelements (K, Ca and Mg) and on K:Ca, K:Mg and K:(Ca + Mg) ratios. As a valuable forage plant, Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot grass) is a common grass in Poland both in grassland and in arable fields. Its rapid spring growth and its resistance to drought, low temperatures, but also to frequent mowing and pests, makes it a common species in meadows, pastures and grassland, both permanent and alternating. In order to achieve the research goal, a three-year pot experiment was established in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a completely random design, in four replications. In the autumn before the experiment, soil was mixed with organic materials (chicken manure, mushroom substrate and rye straw) and put into pots. To selected units, an additional amount of mineral N was applied in the first year and NPK fertilizers in consecutive years. Mineral fertilizers were applied at the beginning of the growing period. Compared to control, the application of mineral and organic fertilizers resulted in a significant increase in Dactylis glomerata yield. The highest biomass yield (average over the growing periods) was recorded on the unit treated with manure, straw and mineral fertilizers (27.64 g•pot-1) and on the one with mushroom substrate applied together with rye straw and mineral fertilizers (26.47 g•pot-1). The K:(Ca+Mg) ratio in the forage was normal and averaged 0.933, but mineral fertilizers, compared to other treatments, narrowed it.

3

The Effect of Wetting and Drying Cycles on Potassium Release in Three Soil Orders

Al-Silevany Baybeen Saeed Hasen, Mehmedany Lazkeen Ahmed Merween

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

218--226

EN

This research was conducted to study the potassium release under ten wetting and drying cycles in three soil orders (Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols) collected from three different locations (Sharya, Semeel, and Kanishrin) in Dohuk governorate in Iraqi-Kurdistan region by using Ca-resin capsules, and K+ desorption (Kd) fitted to four model equations to choose the best equation to describe K+. The results of the experiments showed that flocculated water content wetting and drying cycles increased cumulative K-release from Ca-resin capsules until a tenth of the wetting-drying cycle. Potassium desorption according to the kinetic approach showed a significant effect of time on potassium desorption, and potassium desorption conformed to parabolic diffusion equations kinetics was the best equation to describe the Kd of potassium by using Ca-resin with a high coefficient of determination (R2) and low standard error and the order of the equation in terms of their preference in describing the desorption process is as follows: 1 – Parabolic diffusion, 2 – Power function, 3 – Elovich equation, 4 – First-order. The apparent desorption rate coefficient for the parabolic diffusion equation ranged from 0.1084–0.0877–0.1040 cmol kg-1∙day -1 from Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols respectively. The rate coefficient K+ desorption according to the parabolic diffusion equation had a significant and positive correlation with SO42-, K+, T-CaCO3, HCO3, CEC, and Ca2+ but negatively significant correlated with EC and active CaCO3.

4

Α Dynamics of Macro Elements Content in Eutric Podzoluvisols for Separation of Wastewater under Jerusalem Artichokes

Lopushniak Vasyl, Hrytsuliak Halyna, Gamayunova Valentina, Kozan Natalia, Zakharchenko Elina, Voloshin Yurii, Lopushniak Halyna, Polutrenko Miroslava, Kotsyubynska Yulia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

33--42

EN

The application of fertilizers based on sewage sludge significantly affects the formation of the nitrogen fund of sod-podzolic soil, as well as changes in the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium exchange. The application of such fertilizer under Jerusalem artichoke has a positive effect on the nitrogen content of alkaline hydrolyzed compounds, in particular on increasing the content of mineral and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen fractions. The application of sewage sludge at a dose of 20–40 t/ha and the appropriate compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N90P90K90 helps to increase the content of ammonium nitrogen compounds from 16 to 20–22 mg/kg of soil in the upper (0–20 cm) layer – 28% prevails over the control variant, as well as the content of nitrate nitrogen compounds in the layer 0–40 cm from 1.70 to 2.52–2.64 mg/kg of soil. The ratio of the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen content of mineral compounds in the experimental conditions changes insignificantly, which indirectly indicates a relatively stable value of this indicator, which changes little under the influence of fertilizers. The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer significantly affects the change in the content of mobile phosphorus compounds and potassium exchange compounds in the upper (0–40 cm) layer of the soil. However, from a depth of 60 cm, their content decreases sharply and approaches the initial values of the control version. Depending on the application of fertilizers, the indicators of the coefficient of concentration of macronutrients in the soil change significantly, which reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the soil to its content in the control variant. As the rate of sewage sludge increases, the element concentration coefficient increases from 1.27 in the variant with the application of only mineral fertilizers to 2.36 for potassium and for phosphorus – from 1.02 to 1.31. There is a close correlation between the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the coefficients of their concentration. This relationship reflects the multiple coefficient of determination, which for phosphorus and potassium is R2 = 0.69 and R2 = 0.90, respectively. The use of fertilizers in the form of compost with sewage sludge and straw of cereals causes similar trends as the introduction of uncomposted sewage sludge. However, this effect has less radical impact with lower absolute nutrient content compared to the introduction of fresh sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge in the form of compost and uncomposted form contributes to a significant increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil, providing an improvement in the mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, including Jerusalem artichokes.

5

Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on Growth, Yield, and Seed Quality of Quinoa in Ferralsols and Acrisols under Rainfed Conditions

Van Minh Nguyen, Hoang Dinh Thai, Anh Dang Thi Phuong, Long Nguyen Viet

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

164--172

EN

The study has investigated the individual and combined effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth, grain yield, and quality of quinoa in ferralsols and acrisols. The experiments were conducted during the dry season under rainfed conditions in Central Highland, Vietnam. The factorial design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the positive impacts of nitrogen and potassium on the growth and yield of quinoa. However, after the application of an optimum dose of nitrogen, growth, and yield were not significantly changed and even decreased when the dose continued increasing. Higher levels of nitrogen and potassium application resulted in greater protein and fat content, but lower starch and fiber contents, compared to lower levels. The fertilizer practice has to rely on soil fertility. The study shows that the application of 150 kg N and 105 kg K2O ha-1 could be the optimum rate of nitrogen and potassium for quinoa production in ferralsols and acrisols in Central Highland.

6

Production of Potassium-Enriched Fertilizer Using the Complex Sorption and Membrane Technology

Mkheidze Nino, Gotsiridze Raul, Kontselidze Lamzira, Mikeladze Zurab, Kharazi Nino

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

199--205

EN

The production of potassium-containing fertilizer using improved, complex method was researched. Cheapness and availability of the raw material (the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite from Dzegvi and Tedzami mines is used as a substrate and seawater – as a source of potassium ions) make this method very interesting and prospective for the countries with clinoptilolite stocks, located in the seaside regions and engaged in agrarian industry (Georgia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria). It includes two technological processes: sorption and membranes ones. At the first stage, for intensification purpose electrodialysis was used for concentration of sea water. The optimal parameters for concentration of sea water were matched using the electrodialysis apparatus produced in the Institute workshop. In the produced concentrate of sea water, the index of potassium-ion concentration exceeds 4, being twice higher than the natrium-ion concentration index. At the second stage, selection of sea water ions was provided on the natural zeolite by so called dual-temperature ion exchange method: during sorption of potassium by clinoptilolite at low temperature the other ions pass into filtrate. The received potassium-enriched zeolite is a new type fertilizer: potassium containing therein passes into soil "as needed", when soil is impoverished.

7

Concentrations of Natural Radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) at the Potash Salts Deposit

Menshikova Elena, Perevoshchikov Roman, Belkin Pavel, Blinov Sergey

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

179--187

EN

Specific activity of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K was measured by gamma spectrometry in samples of soil and bottom sediments of rivers on the territory of potassium salt deposit development in order to collect information on radionuclide distribution. According to the results of examinations, the range of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity values in soils and bottom sediments of the territory of influence was <2.17–19.7 Bq/kg, <2.5–20.5 Bq/kg, 123–500 Bq/kg. Migration of the studied radionuclides is limited to 2 km zone. The results obtained provide useful information on the levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in the zone of influence of mining objects and are of interest for a comparative evaluation of the impact of salt mining on the radiation environment of the territory.

8

Developing of Automatic Fertilizer Control System in Soybean Plant Based on Internet of Things and LoRa Networks

Perdana Doan, Kusuma Wahyu Rizal Panca, Alinursafa Ibnu

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2021

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Vol. 67, No. 4

549--558

EN

This research is developing the analog value from the NPK sensor to digital using the YL 38 comparator module to obtain detailed Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) values according to the NPK sensor datasheet. This system is a network based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and LoRa. The IoT and LoRa features installed on this device, meanwhile the measurement and fertilization data can be monitored easily through an Android application. This research using a frequency of 922.4 Mhz, 125 kHz bandwidth, 10 spreading factors, and a code rate of 5. The Network Quality of Services testing i.e. delay, packet loss, SNR, and RSSI. The QoS was measured at 6 locations. different, 1 location 0 km, 4 locations 1 km, 1 location 2.5 km from BTS LoRa. It was concluded that the parameters used are by the conditions and distances in the data collection. It is proven that all the standards in each parameter are met. In testing the LoRa network it can be concluded that the farther the distance from the LoRa BTS the data transmission quality is getting worse.

9

Ammonia-Ca-K competitive ion-exchange on zeolites in mining wastewater treatment: batch regeneration and column performance

Chartrand Zachary G., Narbaitz Roberto M., Sartaj Majid, Downey Jason

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2020

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Vol. 19, iss. 2

58--71

EN

This manuscript addresses the treatment of explosives-impacted mining wastewaters (EIMWW) using ion-exchange to remove elevated levels of ammonia. Repeated batch loading-regeneration cycles were conducted for two commercially available zeolite media used in the treatment of ammonia-laden EIMWW to establish the effects of competing ions and regeneration solution composition. The Northern Ontario EIMWW tested contained 3.87 meq/L total ammonia (TA) as well as 2.85 mg/L K+ and 3.9 meq/L Ca2+. The media studied were a natural clinoptilolite and a modified clinoptilolite (SIR-600). Five regenerant solutions with different NaCl and KCl concentrations were evaluated using batch tests. The presence of potassium in the regenerant was found to hinder the TA exchange capacity of both zeolites. The SIR-600 and the natural clinoptilolite used in conjunction with the 10% NaCl solution featured the best TA exchange capacities, 0.46 ± 0.02 meq TA/g and 0.36 ± 0.05 meq TA/g, respectively. The batch tests showed that both media had a slight preference for K+ over TA. The continuous flow column tests performed using SIR-600 media greatly accentuated the selectivity of K+ over TA. In reaching the same 0.55 meq TA/L breakthrough level, the same modified zeolite column was able to treat five times more volume of a synthetic TA solution than EIMWW.

10

Comparison of two single-solute models of potassium kinetics during hemodialysis

Pietribiasi Mauro, Waniewski Jacek, Zaluska Wojciech, Wójcik-Zaluska Alicia, Leypoldt John K.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 40, no. 3

938--949

EN

Optimal potassium removal in hemodialysis (HD) is an important but difficult to achieve goal, influenced by numerous factors. Two types of single-solute mathematical models have been previously proposed to assess potassium kinetics in HD: pseudo-one compartment ( p1) and two-compartment models (2c). We compared these two models in simulating potassium kinetics during HD sessions with different treatment settings. After estimation of unknown parameters via fitting to clinical data during 4 h sessions with a dialysate potassium of 2.6 ± 0.6 mmol/L, the models were used to simulate 4 HD sessions for each patient, resulting from the combination of session length (4 h vs. 8 h) and potassium dialysate concentration (2.6 vs. 0 mmol/L). The simulated potassium concentration profiles were similar under different treatment conditions, and predicted potassium removal during the treatments was 77 ± 24 mmol with the standard settings; both increases in session length and potassium dialysate to plasma concentration gradient resulted in a significant increase in potassium removed. Both models indicated similar minimum values of dialysate potassium concentration required to avoid post-HD hypokalemia: 1.18 ± 0.66 mmol/L for 4 h HD and 1.71 ± 0.52 mmol/L for 8 h HD. The models described similar kinetics for potassium during different combinations of treatment settings. Total removal of potassium and minimum dialysate concentration to avoid post-HD hypokalemia, were predicted without significant differences by both models. Although no model has a clear advantage in terms of describing clinical data, our analyses suggest that 2c might offer a better trade-off between physiological accuracy and over-parametrization.

11

Porównanie stężenia jonów sodu i potasu w wodach krakowskich źródeł artezyjskich w latach 1997 i 2020

Kołodziejczyk Ewa, Dądela Maria

Analit

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2020

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Nr 9

12--18

PL

Niezliczone ilości wody znajdują się pod powierzchnią Krakowa. Grube warstwy geologiczne chronią je przed skażeniami zewnętrznymi. Jednak podczas okresowych badań prowadzonych przez Państwową Inspekcję Sanitarną wykryto w nich między innymi bakterie coli, co dyskwalifikuje zdatność tych wód do picia. Wody w tych studniach należą do tzw. akratopegów, czyli wód o mineralizacji od 500 do 1000 mg/l składników mineralnych [1]. A więc nie są to już „wody słodkie", w obecnej nomenklaturze handlowej zwane „wodami źródlanymi" i jeszcze nie „wody mineralne", ale już blisko nich. W Krakowie mamy dwanaście zdrojów. Badania dotyczyły wody z pięciu studni artezyjskich ujmujących jurajskie piętro wodonośne: „Zdrój Królewski", „Zdrój Nadzieja", „Zdrój Lajkonik", „Zdrój Jagielloński", „Zdrój Dobrego Pasterza". Dodatkowo wykorzystano również wodę ze studni ujmującej mioceński poziom wodonośny: „Zdrój Solidarności". Do wykonania oznaczeń zawartości sodu i potasu posłużono się metodą fotometrii płomieniowej. Wyniki porównano z publikacją z 1997 roku oraz dokonano porównania stężeń pierwiastków.

EN

Countless amounts of water lie beneath the surface of Krakow. Thick geological layers protect them from external contamination. However, during periodic examinations of the National Sanitary Agency, inter alia, coli bacteria were detected there, which disqualifies these waters for drinking. The waters in these wells belong to class of waters with mineralization from 500 to 1000 mg/1 of minerals [1]. And these are no longer "mineral waters", a new nomenclature and called "spring waters" and not yet "mineral waters", but close to them. We have twelve such wells in Krakow. The research concerned water from five artesian wells capturing the Jurassic aquifer: "Royal Spa", "Zdrój Nadzieja", "Lajkonik Spa", "Jagiellonian Spa", "Good Pasterz Spa". Additionally, water was also used from a well capturing the Miocene aquifer: "Zdrój Solidarności". Perform the determination of sodium and potassium using the flame photometry method. The results were compared with the publication from 1997 and the concentrations of the elements were compared.

12

Ocena zagrożenia wód podziemnych terenów wodonośnych Wrocławia jonami niklu i potasu w świetle badań modelowych

Modelska Magdalena, Wcisło Marek

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

161--167

PL

Celem prezentowanych badań była ocena zagrożenia ze strony intensywnie zagospodarowanych przemysłowo i rolniczo obszarów Wrocławia dla wód podziemnych sąsiadujących z nimi terenów wodonośnych. Na skutek przeprowadzonych prac terenowych i laboratoryjnych zdiagnozowano potencjalne ryzyko związane z napływem wód o podwyższonych stężeniach jonów niklu i potasu. Dla metali tych wykonano model migracji masy w wodach podziemnych. Obejmował on okres 10 lat, zakładając charakter zanieczyszczenia incydentalny – niklem i ciągły – potasem, na obszarach poza terenami wodonośnymi. W wyniku prac modelowych wykazano, że w badanym okresie nie dojdzie do przemieszczenia się jonów niklu w kierunku terenów wodonośnych. Możliwa jest nawet redukcja stężeń tego metalu na skutek procesu sorpcji. W toku prac modelowych stwierdzono możliwość niewielkiego zwiększenia stężeń oraz migracji jonów potasu, szczególnie z sąsiadującego z terenami wodonośnymi cieku Zielona, nie stanowi ona jednak zagrożenia dla ujęć terenów wodonośnych Wrocławia.

EN

The aim of this study was to risk assessment from the intensely developed industrial and agricultural areas of Wroclaw for groundwater of neighboring water-bearing area. As a result of field and laboratory work, a potential risk connected with the inflow of waters with increased concentrations of nickel and potassium ions was diagnosed. For these metals mass transport model in groundwater was performed. It covered a period of 10 years assuming the incidental nature of nickel contamination and continuous potassium pollution. As a result of modeling works, it was shown that in the studied period there will be no transport of nickel ions in the aquifer towards waterbearing area. It is even possible to reduce the concentrations of this metal due to the sorption process. During the modeling was identified also possible increase of concentration and migration of potassium ions, especially from the Zielona stream, however, it is not a threat to the water intakes of Wrocław.

13

Określenie zróżnicowania gleby pod względem zawartości metali: Ca, Mg, Zn, K oraz fosforanów na terenie Doliny Kluczwody

Budziwół E., Fornal M., Pączek A.

Analit

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2017

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Nr 3

24--31

PL

Dolina Kluczwody znajduje się na terenie Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej, której charakterystyczną cechą są skały wapienne. Dodatkowo w Dolinie znajdują się jaskinie krasowe i rzadko spotykane lasy grądowe. Badania przeprowadzone na tym obszarze miały na celu porównanie zawartości fosforanów, mikro oraz makroelementów obecnych w glebie w różnych punktach pomiarowych. Dzięki temu możliwa była ocena wpływu działalności człowieka, a także czynników naturalnych na skład analizowanej gleby z tego terenu.

EN

The Kluczwoda Valley is located in the Jura, which geological base is formed on limestone rocks. Additionally, in the Valley there are karst caves and rare woods hail. The laboratory test in this area were designed to compare the content of phosphate, micro and macro elements present in the soil at various sampling points. This allows for the checking of human activities and natural factors on the composition of the analysed soil from the studied area.

14

Natural background gamma radiation in the urban space of Walbrzych

Nowak K.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2016

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Vol. 10, No. 1

47--56

EN

Walbrzych is the second most populous city of dolnoslaskie voivodeship, with the population of over 117 000 inhabitants. It is one of the largest cities within the Sudety Mountains with the area of approximately 85 km2. From the geological point of view it is situated at the junction of three units: the Gory Sowie Massif, the Swiebodzice Basin and the Intra-Sudetic Basin. Each of this unit consists of various rocks which are characterised by various natural radionuclides content, resulting in various gamma dose rates in air within Walbrzych area. The landscape of the city largely is formed by an anthropogenic activity, mainly coal mining. Within the city there are thirty two heaps of wastes after the coal mining. The gamma spectrometric research of natural background gamma radiation in the urban space of Walbrzych was carried out. In situ measurements were performed by means of portable gamma spectrometer RS 230 with a BGO detector and dimensions of 259 mm × 81 mm × 96 mm. The device displays potassium K [%], equivalent uranium eU [ppm] and equivalent thorium eTh [ppm] contents, as well as absorbed gamma dose rate in air at the height of 1 meter generated by these radionuclides [in nGy/h]. The investigations were divided into two stages. In the first one, the content of K, eU and eTh in various types of rocks was examined. Measurements were performed on 14 outcrops of various aged rocks within all the three units (from Proterozoic gneisses of the Gory Sowie Massif to Pleistocene sands and gravels covering the Swiebodzice Basin) and on a heap. In the second stage the spatial distribution of natural radionuclides and gamma dose rate within the city was examined. Forty measurements were performed in the nodes of regular grid with the mesh size of 1.5 km. Taking into account that gamma dose rate in air mostly is formed by radionuclides present in the top 30-centimetres ground surface, the type of material covering the ground in measurement points was noted. Performed investigations showed that among rocks occurring within Walbrzych city, late Carboniferous trachyandesites, outcropping in the old quarry in Podgorze II district (the Intra-Sudetic Basin), were the most radioactive. The mean content of K, eU and eTh was 3.8%, 4.0 and 18.3 ppm, respectively which generated absorbed gamma dose rate equal to 121.2 nGy/h. Late Carboniferous conglomerates and sandstones of the Glinik Formation (the Intra-Sudetic Basin) are characterised by the lowest radioactivity. The mean content of K, eU and eTh was 0.6%, 1.5 and 5.1 ppm, respectively which generated absorbed gamma dose rate equal to 29.6 nGy/h. The analysis of spatial distribution of absorbed gamma dose rate showed that Srodmiescie district and the vicinity of Ksiaz Castle are characterised by the highest natural background gamma radiation. Absorbed dose rates with values of over 100 nGy/h were noted in places where the ground was covered by granite cobblestone. The lowest natural background gamma radiation was observed in points situated on the outskirts of the city, in places with relatively natural soils.

PL

Wałbrzych jest drugim najludniejszym miastem województwa dolnośląskiego, liczącym ponad 117 tys. mieszkańców. Jest jednym z największych miast Sudetów, o powierzchni ok. 85 km2. Pod względem geologicznym leży na styku trzech jednostek geologiczno-strukturalnych: bloku sowiogórskiego, depresji Świebodzic oraz niecki śródsudeckiej. Każdą z tych jednostek budują różnorodne skały, charakteryzujące się zróżnicowaną zawartością naturalnych pierwiastków promieniotwórczych, co sprawia, że moc dawki promieniowania gamma w powietrzu pochodząca od naturalnych radionuklidów rozproszonych w skałach podłoża i glebie waha się w szerokich granicach na terenie Wałbrzycha. Krajobraz miasta w dużej mierze ukształtowany jest przez działalność człowieka. Pozostałością po eksploatacji węgla kamiennego są 32 hałdy. Przeprowadzono gamma spektrometryczne badania naturalnego tła promieniotwórczego w przestrzeni miejskiej Wałbrzycha. Pomiary in situ były wykonywane przy pomocy przenośnego spektrometru gamma RS 230 o wymiarach 259 mm × 81 mm × 96 mm, wyposażonego w detektor BGO. Urządzenie podaje zawartość potasu K [%] oraz równoważne zawartości uranu eU [ppm] i toru eTh [ppm], a także moc dawki pochłoniętej w powietrzu na wysokości 1 metra generowanej przez te radionuklidy [nGy/h]. Badania składały się z dwóch etapów. W pierwszym zbadano zawartość K, eU i eTh w różnych typach skał podłoża, wykonując pomiary na 14 wychodniach różnowiekowych skał w obrębie trzech jednostek geologiczno-strukturalnych (od proterozoicznych gnejsów bloku sowiogórskiego po plejstoceńskie piaski i żwiry pokrywające depresję Świebodzic) oraz na hałdzie odpadów powęglowych. W drugim etapie zbadano przestrzenny rozkład zawartości naturalnych radionuklidów oraz mocy dawki promieniowania gamma na terenie miasta, wykonując 40 pomiarów w węzłach regularnej siatki o wielkości oczek 1,5 km. Uwzględniając fakt, że moc dawki promieniowania gamma w powietrzu kształtują głównie radionuklidy znajdujące się w 30-centymetrowej wierzchniej warstwie podłoża, zanotowano rodzaj pokrycia gruntu w badanych punktach. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że wśród skał występujących na terenie Wałbrzycha najbardziej radioaktywne są późnokarbońskie trachyandezyty odsłaniające się w starym kamieniołomie w dzielnicy Podgórze II (niecka śródsudecka). Zawartość K, eU i eTh wynosi średnio 3,8%, 4,0 i 18,3 ppm, odpowiednio, generując moc dawki pochłoniętej w powietrzu równą 121,2 nGy/h. Najniższą radioaktywnością charakteryzują się późnokarbońskie zlepieńce i piaskowce formacji z Glinika (niecka śródsudecka). Zawartość K, eU i eTh wynosi średnio 0,6%, 1,5 i 5,1 ppm, odpowiednio, generując moc dawki pochłoniętej w powietrzu równą 29,6 nGy/h. Analiza przestrzennego rozkładu mocy dawki pochłoniętej wykazała, że najwyższym tłem promieniowania gamma charakteryzuje się dzielnica Śródmieście oraz rejon zamku Książ. Moc dawki pochłoniętej o wartości ponad 100 nGy/h odnotowano w miejscach, w których grunt pokryty został kostką granitową. Najniższe tło promieniowania gamma zaobserwowano natomiast w punktach znajdujących się na obrzeżach miasta, w miejscach występowania względnie naturalnej gleby.

15

Charakterystyka zasobności gleb w gminie Raba Wyżna

Świerk W., Twardy S., Matoga W.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2015

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T. 15, z. 2

129--146

PL

Celem pracy była ocena stanu jakościowego gleb zlewni górnej Raby, przeprowadzona na przykładzie gminy Raba Wyżna. Analizy zasobności gleb wykonano w Okręgowej Stacji Chemiczno-Rolniczej w Krakowie (OSChR). Dotyczyły one fosforu, potasu i magnezu oraz stopnia zakwaszenia gleb wraz z określeniem potrzeb ich wapnowania. W pracy wykorzystano dane pochodzące z gminnego monitoringu gleb, który prowadzono w latach 2005–2008. Łącznie pobrano i przeanalizowano 576 próbek materiału glebowego, pochodzących z użytków rolnych. Stwierdzono, że w ponad 60% próbek występował odczyn bardzo kwaśny lub kwaśny, co wskazuje na potrzebę wapnowania analizowanych gleb. Natomiast próbki o odczynie obojętnym nie przekraczały 10% ogólnej liczby próbek poddanych analizie. Zawartość makroelementów (fosfor, potas, magnez) w badanych glebach były zróżnicowana: od bardzo niskiej do bardzo wysokiej. W ok. 55% przebadanych próbek gleb zawartość fosforu była bardzo niska, a w ponad 50% próbek – bardzo niska zawartość potasu. Natomiast zawartość magnezu w prawie połowie badanych próbkach gleb była wysoka i bardzo wysoka.

EN

The study aims to assess soil quality in the upper Raba River basin based on the example of the Raba Wyżna commune. Soil richness analyses were performed at the Regional Chemical-Agricultural Station in Kraków. They involved phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and the degree of soils acidification together with an indication of the need of soil liming. The study uses data from the communal monitoring of soils, which was carried out in the years 2005–2008. In total, 576 soil samples from agricultural lands were collected and analyzed. Over 60% of samples had acidic or very acidic pH, which indicates the need for liming of analyzed soils. The share of samples with neutral pH did not exceed 10% of the total number of analyzed samples. The content of macroelements (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) in examined soils varied ranging from very low to very high level. Approximately 55% of analyzed soil samples had very low phosphorus, and more than 50% had very low potassium content. In contrast, magnesium content in almost half of analyzed soil samples was high and very high.

16

Criteria for Sustainable Disposal of Sewage Sludge

Czechowska-Kosacka A., Cao Y., Pawłowski A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 1

337--350

PL

Osady ściekowe są stanowią trwałe źródło związków fosforu i potasu niezbędnych do wzrostu biomasy. Od ich dostępności dla roślin zależy produkcja żywności dla stale wzrastającej liczby ludności. Do gleby dostarczane są związki fosforu i potasu w postaci soli pozyskiwanych jako kopaliny. Problem jednak stanowią szybko wyczerpujące się zasoby minerałów, z których pozyskiwane są wyżej wymienione pierwiastki do produkcji nawozów rolniczych. W przyszłości ich brak może pogorszyć jakość gleb, co zmniejszy skalę produkcji rolnej. Oznacza to, że podstawowy paradygmat zrównoważonego rozwoju mówiący o konieczności postępowania takiego, aby zapewnić niezbędne środki do życia obecnym pokoleniom, nie pozbawi przyszłych pokoleń możliwości zabezpieczenia ich potrzeb. Paradygmat ten nakazuje podjęcie wszelkich działań zdążających do ograniczania eksploatacji naturalnych ich zasobów. Poszukując innych źródeł zwrócono uwagę na osady ściekowe pochodzące z biologicznych oczyszczalni ścieków. Osady te zawierają związki fosforu i potasu, które po odpowiedniej obróbce mogą przyczynić się do spowolnienia zużycia naturalnych rezerw fosforu i potasu. Zastosowanie osadów ściekowych na uprawianej ziemi, może być korzystne pod warunkiem, że poziom zanieczyszczeń m.in. metalami ciężkimi nie przekracza dopuszczalnego poziomu. Biorąc pod uwagę ich możliwy negatywny wpływ na środowisko naturalne oraz surowe przepisy dotyczące zawartości zanieczyszczeń w osadach, metale ciężkie zostały uwzględnione w prawodawstwie omawianych regionów. Biorąc pod uwagę zalety wnikające z wykorzystania osadów ściekowych do nawożenia upraw i możliwych zagrożeń wynikających z obecności w osadach ściekowych niepożądanych zanieczyszczeń, wiele krajów wprowadziło surowe przepisy regulujące wykorzystanie osadów do nawożenia gleby. Biorąc pod uwagę przykład Europejskiej, USA, Polski i Chin można stwierdzić na podstawie analizy regulacji prawnych w tym zakresie, że stosowanie osadów ściekowych do nawożenia gleb jest w pełni kontrolowane zarówno w krajach rozwiniętych jak również w krajach rozwijających się.

17

The Effect of Agrotechnical Factors on the Potassium Content and its Removal by Potato Tubers

Zarzecka K., Gugała M., Mystkowska I., Sikorska A., Baranowska A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

180--184

EN

A 3-year field experiment covered two methods of soil tillage, conventional and sim-plified, as well as the following herbicide options: Plateen 41,5 WG, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC, Barox 460 SL, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC and control object – mechanical weeding. Potassium content and its removal by potato tubers significantly depended on soil tillage methods, weed control methods and research years. More potassium was contained in tubers harvested from conventional tillage compared with the re-duced tillage. Herbicides applied in the potato field significantly decreased potassium content in tubers compared with the control object. Simplifications of soil tillage de-creased potassium accumulation in potato tubers compared with the conventional till-age. Significant changes were also observed in content of potassium and its removal by 1 tonne tubers between the experimental years.

18

Estimation of wheat straw and rapeseed usefulness for wheat fertilisation in arable farming

Stankowski S., Michalska B., Smagacz J., Gibczyńska M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 2

101--109

EN

The aim of the research was the estimation of wheat and rapeseed straw usefulness for fertilising plants in arable farming. The subject matter of the study was the analysis of the influence of soil fertilisation with wheat and rapeseed straw on the yield and changes in the content of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in winter wheat grain cultivars: Finezja and Ludwig. The static field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Experiment Station, Grabów, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute (51°21′ N, 21°40′ E) in the years 2008–2010 on Haplic Luvisol. The effect of fertilisation with wheat and rapeseed straw did not have a significant effect on grain yield of winter wheat cultivars ‘Finezja’ and ‘Ludwig’. The introduction of complementary nitrogen fertilisation caused an increase in grain yield of wheat cultivar Ludwig. Organic fertilisation with wheat and rapeseed straw as well as complementary nitrogen fertilisation did not significantly differentiate the content of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in winter wheat grain cultivars ‘Finezja’ and ‘Ludwig’.

19

Changes in the Content of Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium In Potato Tubers Under the Influence of the use of Herbicides

Gugała M., Sikorska A., Zarzecka K., Kapela K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

82--86

EN

A field experiment was conducted in the years 2005–2007 in RSD in Zawady belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The experiment was set in the split – plot system in three repetitions. The investigated factors were: I – edible potato varieties - Irga and Balbina. II – four ways of mechanical cultivation – three using herbicides: Plateen 41.5 WG, Racer 250 EC, Sencor 70 WG and without herbicides (control object). The aim of the studies was to determine the effect of herbicides on the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tubers of two varieties of the edible potato. The mechanical-chemical care applied in the experiment contributed to the increase in the content of total nitrogen and lowering of phosphorus and potassium compared to the only mechanical care. The Irga variety was characterised by a significantly higher content of total nitrogen (average – 15.84 g·kg-1) and phosphorus (average – 3.526 g·kg-1), while the Balbina variety had a higher content of potassium – average 25.28 g·kg-1. Climatic conditions in particular growing seasons had a significant impact on the content of total nitrogen and potassium in edible potato tubers.

20

Badania popiołu lotnego z biomasy w aspekcie jego zagospodarowania

Żelazny S., Čablik V., Woynarowska A., Čablikova L.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 4

550-554

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań popiołu lotnego ze spalania biomasy z Elektrowni Połaniec dotyczące odzysku potasu i fosforu z tego popiołu za pomocą wody w różnych temperaturach i przy różnych czasach ługowania. Określono podstawowe związki potasu odzyskane w wyniku ługowania wodą oraz podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia niskiego stopnia ługowania.

EN

Fly ash from the combustion of biomass (power plant Połaniec) was analyzed for elements and extd. with H₂O at 25–65°C to recover K and P.